Lingua literaria

A lingua literaria é o rexistro lingüístico dunha determinada linguaxe empregada na escrita literaria. Tamén pode incluír a lingua litúrxica. A diferenza entre formas literarias e non literarias (lingua coloquial) é máis pronunciada nunhas linguas ca noutras; cando hai unha gran diverxencia, dise que a lingua presenta diglosia.

O latín clásico era o rexistro literario do latín, a diferenza do latín vulgar que se falaba en todo o Imperio Romano. O latín levado polos soldados romanos á Galia, Iberia e Dacia non era o latín das obras de Cicerón ou doutros autores clásicos, con grandes diferenzas de vocabulario, sintaxe e gramática.[1] Algunhas obras literarias que amosan o rexistro máis baixo da lingua durante o período do latín clásico poden dar unha idea do mundo do latín vulgar arcaico; as obras de autores como Plauto e Terencio, por seren comedias con diferentes personaxes, como escravos ou pertencentes ás clases baixas, conservan algunhas características latinas basiletais, como o discurso dos libertos rexistrado na sección Cea Trimalchionis do Satiricón, novela escrita por Petronio. Durante o terceiro Concilio de Tours de 813, ordenouse aos sacerdotes que predicasen en lingua vernácula, xa sexa na lingua rústica románica (latín vulgar) ou en linguas vernáculas xermánicas, pois a xente xa non podía entender máis o latín formal.

Ás veces, unha lingua literaria é só unha convención entendible polos falantes pero en realidade non falada vernaculamente por ninguén. Por exemplo o alto alemán antigo aínda que usa léxico altoxermánico dos séculos VIII e IX usa unha sintaxe que en moitos puntos imita a gramática e a orde do latín, polo que moitas das súas oracións parecen máis ben latín clásico parafraseado en altoxermánico, mentres que na lingua coloquial a gramática non calcaba as estruturas latinas. Outro caso interesante é o francoitaliano que se usou para a primeira versión das viaxes de Marco Polo no século XIII, xa que aínda Dante Alighieri non escribira A divina comedia que a partir de mediados do século XIV sería amplamente usada como estándar literario na península italiana, a pesar de que coloquialmente en moitas rexións empregábanse linguas romances diferentes do toscano medieval de Alighieri.

Notas

  1. ↑ L. R. Palmer. The Latin Language (repr. Univ. Oklahoma 1988, ISBN 0-8061-2136-X)

Véxase tamén

Bibliografía

  • Crystal, David (ed.), The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language (Cambridge, 2003) ISBN 0-521-53033-4
  • McArthur, Tom (ed.), The Oxford Companion te lo the English Language (Oxford, 1992), ISBN 0-19-280637-8
  • McArthur, Tom, The English Languages (Cambridge, 1998) ISBN 0-521-48582-7

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