Grego póntico

Grego póntico
ποντιακά
Falado en: Rexión do Ponto
Total de falantes: 1,2 millóns (2009)
Familia: Indoeuropea
 Grego
  Ático-xónico
   Grego póntico
Escrita: Alfabeto grego, latino e cirílico
Status oficial
Lingua oficial de: Ningún país
Códigos de lingua
ISO 639-1: --
ISO 639-2: ine
ISO 639-3: pnt
Mapa

Distribución das variedades do grego a finais do Imperio Bizantino.
Status

O grego póntico está clasificado como definitivamente en perigo polo Libro Vermello das Linguas Ameazadas da UNESCO[1]

O grego póntico (ποντιακά, pontiaká) é unha lingua grega orixinalmente falada na rexión do Ponto nas costas meridionais do mar Negro, no nordeste de Anatolia, o leste da provincia turca de Kars, o sur de Xeorxia e no norte de Grecia. A liñaxe lingüística do grego póntico provén do grego xónico a través da koiné e o grego bizantino e ten influencias do xeorxiano, ruso e do turco, e en menor medida do persa (a través do turco otomán) e varias linguas caucásicas. A súa variante ofítica foi identificada como a lingua viva máis achegada ó grego antigo. Os seus falantes son chamados pónticos ou gregos pónticos.

Dialectos achegados do grego fálanse en Mariupol (e antigamente en Crimea), Ucraína (véxase gregos en Ucraína e grego de Mariupol), en Xeorxia e na antiga provincia caucásica rusa de Óblast de Kars. Os falantes destes dialectos, dependendo de onde vivan, refírense a si mesmos como gregos pónticos do leste ou gregos do Cáucaso.

Nome

Historicamente, os falantes de grego póntico chamaron á súa lingua Romeyka (Romeika, grego: Ρωμαίικα), que, nun senso xeral, é tamén un termo histórico e colocial para referirse ó grego moderno. O termo "póntico" xurdido no eido da investigación, foi adoptado como un sinal de identidade dos gregos pónticos que viven en Grecia.[2]

De xeito semellante, en turco, a lingua é chamada Rumca (pronunciado [ˈɾumd͡ʒa]), que deriva da verba turca Rum que se refire ós gregos étnicos que viven en Turquía; o termo tamén abrangue a outros falantes de grego en Turquía, como os de Istambul ou Imbros (Gökçeada) que falan unha versión máis achegada ó moderno grego.[3]

Os falantes modernos de póntico que viven en Turquía chaman á súa lingua Romeyka, Rumca ou Rumcika.[3]

Dialectos

Historia da
lingua grega

(ver tamén: alfabeto grego)
Protogrego (c. –2000)
Micénico (c. -1600-1100)
Grego antigo (c. –800-300)
Dialectos:
Eolio, Arcadochipriota, Ático,
Dórico, Macedonio, Xónico
Koiné (desde c. -300)
Grego bizantino (c. -3301453)
Grego moderno (desde 1453)
Dialectos:
Capadocio, Chipriota,
Demótico, Griko, Katharevousa,
Póntico, Tsakonio, Ievánico

O lingüista grego Manolis Triantafyllidis dividiu o póntico de Turquía en dous grupos:

Os falantes de Chaldiot foron os mais numerosos. Fonoloxicamente, algunhas variedades do póntico teñen harmonía vocálica, igual que o turco (Mirambel 1965).

Fóra de Turquía, pódese distinguir.

  • Grupo do norte (grego de Mariupol ou Rumeíka), orixinalmente falado en Crimea, pero hoxe principalmente en Mariupol, onde viven a maioría dos gregos pónticos de Crimea. Outros gregos pónticos falan o tártaro de Crimea como lingua nai, e están clasificados como "urums". Existen unha ducia de dialectos pónticos en Crimea.
    • Rumaiic soviético, unha variante soviética do grego póntico falada pola poboación grega da Unión Soviética. Os bolxeviques crearon unha variante "soviética" do grego póntico en oposición ó grego demótico de Grecia, que era vista como unha "variante capitalista" da lingua grega.

Notas

  1. Moseley, Christopher e Nicolas, Alexandre. "Atlas of the world's languages in danger". unesdoc.unesco.org. Consultado o 11 de xullo de 2022. 
  2. Drettas 1997, páxina 19.
  3. 3,0 3,1 Özkan, Hakan (2013-02-28). "The Pontic Greek spoken by Muslims in the villages of Beşköy in the province of present-day Trabzon". Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies (en inglés) 37 (1): 130–150. ISSN 0307-0131. doi:10.1179/0307013112Z.00000000023. 

Véxase tamén

Bibliografía

  • Georges Drettas, Aspects pontiques, ARP, 1997, ISBN 2-9510349-0-3. "... marks the beginning of a new era in Greek dialectology. Not only is it the first comprehensive grammar of Pontic not written in Greek, but it is also the first self-contained grammar of any Greek 'dialect' written, in the words of Bloomfield, 'in terms of its own structure'." (Janse)
  • Özhan Öztürk, Karadeniz: Ansiklopedik Sözlük. 2 Cilt. Heyamola Yayıncılık. İstanbul, 2005. ISBN 975-6121-00-9
  • Τομπαΐδης, Δ.Ε. 1988. Η Ποντιακή Διάλεκτος. Αθήνα: Αρχείον Πόντου. (Tompaidis, D.E. 1988. The Pontic Dialect. Athens: Archeion Pontou.)
  • Τομπαΐδης, Δ.Ε. ϗ Συμεωνίδης, Χ.Π. 2002. Συμπλήρωμα στο Ιστορικόν Λεξικόν της Ποντικής Διαλέκτου του Α.Α. Παπαδόπουλου. Αθήνα: Αρχείον Πόντου. (Tompaidis, D.E. e Simeonidis, C.P. 2002. Additions to the Historical Lexicon of the Pontic Dialect of A.A. Papadopoulos. Athens: Archeion Pontou.)
  • Παπαδόπουλος, Α.Α. 1955. Ιστορική Γραμματική της Ποντικής Διαλέκτου. Αθήνα: Επιτροπή Ποντιακών Μελετών. (Papadopoulos, A.A. 1955. Historical Grammar of the Pontic Dialect. Athens: Committee for Pontian Studies.)
  • Παπαδόπουλος, Α.Α. 1958–61. Ιστορικόν Λεξικόν της Ποντικής Διαλέκτου. 2 τόμ. Αθήνα: Μυρτίδης. (Papadopoulos, A.A. 1958–61. Historical Lexicon of the Pontic Dialect. 2 volumes. Athens: Mirtidis.)
  • Οικονομίδης, Δ.Η. 1958. Γραμματική της Ελληνικής Διαλέκτου του Πόντου. Αθήνα: Ακαδημία Αθηνών. (Oikonomidis, D.I. 1958. Grammar of the Greek Dialect of Pontos. Athens: Athens Academy.)
  • Τοπχαράς, Κονσταντίνος. 1998 [1932]. Η Γραμματική της Ποντιακής: Ι Γραματικι τι Ρομεικυ τι Ποντεικυ τι Γλοςας. Θεσσαλονίκη: Αφοί Κυριακίδη. (Topcharas, K. 1998 [1932]. The Grammar of Pontic. Thessaloniki: Afoi Kiriakidi.)

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