Costa (xeografía)

A costa, beiramar ou mariña é o lugar onde a terra se une co mar. Ten unha paisaxe inestábel, onde ás veces a terra pode crecer debido ao depósito de sedimentos e noutros casos pode diminuír polos procesos de erosión mariña. Mais as costas tamén mudan por outros factores, como o clima, a xeoloxía costeira, o vento, as ondas e as actividades humanas.

A enerxía do mar

Costa irlandesa

As mareas e correntes achegan á zona costeira parte da enerxía do mar, mais as ondas son o principal factor na formación das costas, ao entregar a maior parte da enerxía que erosiona, transporta e deposita os sedimentos. As ondas que percorreron longas distancias teñen unha enerxía considerábel como modeladoras das costas.

Corrente costeira

En zonas onde predominan os ventos e as ondas nun só sentido, a capacidade do mar para transportar materiais ao longo da costa, nun sentido determinado, produce un proceso chamado corrente costeira.

O problema que se vai resolver é o de encontrar a forma que adopta a superficie libre dunha capa de auga que cobre toda a Terra, cando consideramos as forzas de atracción que exercen o Sol e a Lúa.

Praias

As praias son o resultado dos depósitos de ondas construtivas, en xeral en zonas costeiras de escasa enerxía. Poden ser de sedimentos finos, como limo e area, ou de materiais máis grosos, como cantos rodados ou tamén como combinación destes tres elementos. O tipo de sedimento, a enerxía das ondas, a amplitude da marea e o efecto do vento determinará a forma da praia.

Costas erosivas

A erosión prodúcese nas costas que están expostas a ondas que percorreron unha gran distancia, ou con ventos mariños que traen moita enerxía. Estas costas están dominadas por acantilados, en cuxa base prodúcese unha plataforma erosionada polas ondas.

A erosión costeira é producida a través da acción hidráulica (a presión das ondas que rompen aos pés do acantilado) e do proceso polo cal os sedimentos da auga son lanzados contra a superficie rochosa.

Porén, vento e ar non son o mesmo: o vento é o movemento do ar. Os ventos globais xéranse como consecuencia do desprazamento do ar desde zonas de alta presión a zonas de baixa presión, determinando os ventos dominantes dunha área ou rexión. Ar: é o nome que recibe a combinación de gases que forma a atmosfera da Terra.

Paisaxes costeiras

Ademais de depender dos procesos de sedimentación e da erosión, as paisaxes costeiras dependen da estrutura da xeoloxía costeira e da natureza.

Os seres humanos tamén afectan a paisaxe. Entre as accións máis importantes está a construción de defensas costeiras, tanto para reducir o perigo das inundacións nas zonas baixas e tamén para controlar a erosión. As terras gañadas ao mar como no caso dos Países Baixos, constitúen 2.227 km².

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