Consoante

Unha consoante é un son da lingua oral orixinado pola pechadura ou estreitamento do tracto vocal por achegamento ou contacto dos órganos de articulación de tal xeito que cause unha turbulencia audíbel. O termo consoante provén do latín e orixinalmente referíase a "soar xunto con" ou "soar con", sendo a idea que as consoantes non tiñan son en si mesmas, xa que en latín só aparecían xunto a unha vogal. Esta, con todo, é unha concepción pouco afortunada das consoantes, xa que existen linguas onde hai palabras longas que carecen por completo de vogais. En lingüística moderna defínense as consoantes en termos de constrición do tracto vocal.

Puntos de articulación
Labial
Bilabial
Labiovelar
Labioalveolar
Labiodental
Coronal
Linguolabial
Interdental
Dental
Alveolar
Apical
Laminal
Postalveolar
Alveolopalatal
Retroflexa
Dorsal
Palatal
Labiopalatal
Velar
Uvular
Uvular-epiglotal
Radical
Faringal
Epigloto-faringal
Epiglotal
glotal
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A diferenza das vogais, as consoantes poden ou non ter un son certo, mentres o das vogais é relativamente variábel.

No alfabeto latino as consoantes son:

B C D F G H J K L M N Ñ P Q R S T V W X Y Z

Aínda que cada idioma ten as súas propias consoantes, moitas destas coinciden debido á influencia do Imperio Romano, pois, en ruso temos:

Б В Г Д Ж З К Л М Н П Р С Т Ф Х Ц Ч Ш Щ

Moi parecidas ás latinas polo mesmo.

Posto que o número de sons consonánticos nas linguas do mundo é moito maior que o número de letras para consoantes dispoñíbeis en calquera alfabeto, os lingüistas suscitaron sistemas como o Alfabeto Fonético Internacional ou AFI (IPA) para asignar un único signo a cada consoante identificadas nas linguas do mundo.

Tipos de consoantes

Véxase tamén: Consoante oclusiva e Consoante fricativa.

Nos grupos de consoantes pódense distinguir principalmente tres grupos: as sonoras, as xordas e as palatais.

As consoantes sonoras son as que teñen un son determinado que podemos manter emitindo durante un tempo, sendo este audíbel, como a D, F, L e demais; isto significa que teñen un son propio.

As xordas son as que non teñen son e dependen dunha vogal para brindar algún efecto, temos de mostra a T, P, Q, C e outras, pois por si soas non emitirán ningún son e a súa única consecuencia é que afectan a saída do son dunha vogal ao pronunciala.

As palatais son un tipo de consoantes algo especiais: teñen de característica común que dependen ou se apoian do padal para produciren efecto. No alfabeto latino só temos o Ñ e a CH, pero esta última só é unha aproximación xa que o seu son non se considera como palatal, aínda que ten certa familiaridade.

As consoantes palatais poden abrir un bo tema debido a que neste alfabeto só contamos coa Ñ, pero hai outras linguas que as conteñen, como o polaco que posúe o Ć Ś que son un C palatal e un S palatal, ou a gramática do Ruso no que en certo tempo se semipalatalizan as consoantes.

Ao pronunciar cana e caña podemos ver a diferenza de posicionamento da nosa lingua: cana induce a que a punta da lingua se sitúe na parte traseira dos dentes superiores centrais, mentres que en caña a palatal Ñ leva á parte traseira da lingua a xuntarse co padal.

Hai outros tipos de consoantes non moi tomadas en conta, pois non resaltan moito e poden ou non pertencer ao terceiro tipo, dependendo do idioma con que se estea tratando: o H latino non se pronuncia, polo cal non se pode incluír dentro de ningún dos tres tipos anteriores, da mesma forma o ? e o ? rusos non adquiren pronunciación, senón que fixan distincións entre palabras.

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