Bolcán

Léaráid de bholcán ag brúchtaíl

Is éard is bolcán ann ná briseadh i screamh phláinéid, cosúil leis an domhain, a ligeann laibhe the, luaithreamhán bolcánach, agus gáis amach ó sheomra magma bolcáin faoin dromchla.

Is iad ceann de na hiontais is cumhachtaí agus is contúirtí ar domhan.

Plátaí teicteonacha

Eascraíonn bolcáin de ghnáth in áiteanna ina bhfuil scoilt idir phlátaí teicteonacha, amhail idir an Eoraip agus an Afraic.

Tarlaíonn bolcáin an domhain toisc go bhfuil a screamh briste ina 17 plátaí teicteonacha móra dochta, a bhíonn ag snámh ar shraith an mhaintlín a bhíonn níos boige agus níos teo.

Na plátaí

Dá bhrí sin, ar an domhan, faightear bolcáin de ghnáth san áit ina mbíonn plátaí teicteonacha ag eisréimniú nó ag inréimniú. Mar shampla, is cúis le plátaí dibhéirseacha atá ag tarraingt óna chéile na bolcáin a bhíonn ag droim láraigéanach, mar shampla Droim an Atlantaigh Láir; plátaí teicteonacha coinbhéirseacha ag teacht le chéile is cúis leis na bolcáin ag Fáinne Tine an Aigéin Chiúin.

Katla, Mýrdalsjökull, 1918

Chruthaítear bolcáin freisin san áit ina mbíonn síneadh agus tanú ar phlátaí taobh istigh na screimhe, m.sh., i Scoiltghleann na hAfraice Thoir agus sa bhlárum bholcánach Wells Gray-Clearwater agus i Scoiltghleann an Rio Grande i Meiriceá Thuaidh. Tagann an cineál seo bolcánachais faoi scáth na bolcánachais "hipitéis phláta". I gcónaí, mínítear an bholcánachas, ar shiúl ó teorainneacha plátaí, mar chleitíní an mhaintlín.

Bolcán Arenal

Tugtar "baill the" orthu, mar shampla Haváí, agus samhlaítear go dtagann siad chun cinn ó thonnadh aníos diaipirí le magma ó theorainn an chroí is an mhaintlín, 3,000 km faoi dhromchla an domhain. De ghnáth, ní chruthaítear bolcáin nuair a shleamhnán dhá phláta teicteonach thar a chéile.

8 Bealtaine 1902 - Maraíodh 30,000 duine nuair a bhrúcht Mont Pelée i Martinique. Scriosadh príomhbhaile an oileáin.

Contúirt

D'fhéadfadh bolcáin, atá ag brúchtadh, a bheith contúirteach go leor, ní hamháin i ngarchomharsanacht an bhrúchta.

Mar shampla, d'fhéadfadh a leithéid agus luaithreamhán bolcánach a bheith ina bhagairt ar aerárthaí, go háirithe scairdeitleáin; mar is féidir luaithcháithníní a leáigh ag ardtheocht na n-inneall, agus ansin is féidir le cáithníní leáite cloí chuig lanna an tuirbín agus a gcruth a athrú, rud a d'fhéadfadh cur isteach ar oibriú an tuirbín.

D'fhéadfadh brúchtaí móra tionchar a imirt ar an aertheocht, mar is féidir le luaithreach agus braoiníní d'aigéad sulfarach an ghrian a chur i bhfolach agus an atmaisféar an domhain (nó trópaisféar) a fhuarú; mar sin féin, ionsúnn siad an teas radaithe ag teacht aníos ón domhan, ar an dóigh sin téitear an atmaisféar uachtarach (nó strataisféar). Go stairiúil, 'bolcánacha Geimhrí' a ghlaoití orthu siúd agus bhí siad freagrach as gortaí tubaisteacha.

3 Eanáir 1983: Thosaigh an bolcán Kīlauea in Hawaii ag brúchtadh. Níor tháinig stad air go fóill.

Eachtraí

  • 3 Eanáir 1983: Thosaigh an bolcán Kīlauea in Hawaii ag brúchtadh. Níor tháinig stad air go fóill.
  • 13-16 Samhain  1985: Meastar gur maraíodh 23,000̘+ duine i mbrúchtadh bolcánach sa Cholóim.
Príomhalt: Nevado del Ruiz
  • 23 Bealtaine 2010 - Stopadh eitiltí in Albain de thoradh ar luaithreamhán nuair a phléasc bolcán Grímsvötn san Íoslainn
  • 22 Aibreán 2015 - Phléasc an bolcán Calbuco sa Sile. Iontas ar na saineolaithe; níor phléasc an bolcán le 50 bliain anuas.
    Brúchtadh Krakatau sna hIndiacha Thoir Ollannacha (an Indinéis inniu). Fuair 36,000 duine bás

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