Terracotta (matériau)

Page d’aide sur l’homonymie

Pour les articles homonymes, voir terracotta.

Le terme italien terracotta désigne le matériau (littéralement terre cuite) qui permet de fabriquer des objets divers : tuiles, vases, sculptures...

Poterie terracotta, Villa Capponi, Toscane
Buste de Girolamo Albanese au Palazzo Thiene

Par métonymie, terracotta peut désigner la poterie souvent utilitaire qu'on en tire, de facture brute, et la couleur terracotta de ces objets.

En Italie

Matière utilisée depuis les Étrusques (poteries, urnes et Sarcophage des Époux, bas-reliefs historiés de Poggio Civitate), elle reste en vigueur pendant l'Empire romain jusqu'à la Renaissance pour l'expression artistique.

Sculpture

De la fabrication d'objets utilitaires, la plupart du temps tournés, la terracotta brute devient à la Renaissance italienne une matière plus facile à travailler, pour la composition de sculptures en bas-relief, que le marbre.

De nombreux médaillons ornent les façades des palais florentins. Ils représentent des objets symboliques (armoiries) ou des bustes de personnalités.

Architecture

L'architecture s'en empare également pour les mêmes raisons, pour des rosaces de cathédrales ou des frontons de palais.

Rosace de l'église du Carmel, Milan
Villa Torlonia à Rome

Terracotta invetriata

Madone aux chérubins d'Andrea della Robbia, musée du Louvre

Elle est dite terracotta invetriata quand il s'agit de celle recouverte de céramique vernissée ou émaillée et ayant servi à réaliser des bas-reliefs colorés, en particulier et presque exclusivement[1] par l'atelier des Della Robbia, famille d'artistes italiens de la Renaissance.

Article détaillé : Terracotta invetriata.

Fête

  • Depuis 1999, comme chaque année à la fin du mois de mai, à Montelupo Fiorentino se déroule la « Fête de la terracotta [2] ».

Honneur

Depuis le , l'astéroïde (297314) Ilterracottaio est nommé en l'honneur d'« il terracottaio », personne qui produit de la poterie en argile et d'autres objets en argile, travail typique à Montelupo Fiorentino, la ville d'origine des découvreurs, Maura Tombelli et Andrea Boattini[3].

Notes et références

  1. ↑ Santi Buglioni ayant repris dans des circonstances douteuses (Vasari) cette fabrication après le départ de Luca della Robbia le Jeune en 1529 pour la France.
  2. ↑ (it) Site de la commune de Montelupo Fiorentino
  3. ↑ « (297314) Ilterracottaio = 1998 XV2 », WGSBN Bulletin, vol. 4, no 1,‎ , p. 9 (lire en ligne).

Bibliographie

  • Les Della Robbia - Sculptures en terre cuite émaillée de la Renaissance italienne, catalogue édité par la Réunion des musées nationaux, (ISBN 2 7118 4468 4)
  • A. Zucchiatti, A. Bouquillonb, B. Moignardb, J. Salomonb et J. R. Gaboritc, Study of Italian Renaissance sculptures using an external beam nuclear microprobe, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Genova

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