Sous-Neptune

Un(e) sous-Neptune est une planète dont le rayon est plus petit que Neptune (même si sa masse est supérieure)[1], la limite adoptée pour distinguer les sous-Neptune des Neptune froids ou chauds étant de trois rayons terrestres (3 R)[a]. Le terme de sous-Neptune est parfois employé pour désigner une planète de masse plus petite que Neptune (même si sa taille est supérieure)[2].

La création de cette classe de planètes, ainsi que le choix de cette limite de taille, est due à l'observation que les planètes semblables à Neptune sont considérablement plus rares celles de taille inférieure à la limite choisie, bien qu'elles ne soient que légèrement plus grandes[3],[4]. Une explication possible est que l'accumulation de gaz, lors de la formation d'une planète, se traduit par une faible augmentation du rayon tant que l'océan magmatique n'est pas saturé. Les planètes capables de dépasser le stade de saturation seraient beaucoup plus rares que les autres parce qu'elles nécessiteraient une très grande accumulation de gaz[3].

Exemples

L'étoile HD 110067 est entourée de six exoplanètes de type sous-Neptune, avec des rayons allant de 1,94 à 2,85 R et des densités du même ordre que celles des géantes gazeuses du Système solaire, dont les orbites sont en résonance[b]. Deux d'entre elles ont été découvertes en 2020, et les quatre autres en 2023[7],[5],[6].

Notes et références

Notes

  1. Neptune elle-même a un rayon moyen de 3,87 rayons terrestres.
  2. De la planète la plus proche de l'étoile jusqu'à la plus éloignée, les résonances paire par paire sont dans les rapports 3/2, 3/2, 3/2, 4/3 et 4/3[5],[6].

Références

  1. (en) R. Luque, G. Nowak, E. Pallé, F. Dai, A. Kaminski et al., « Detection and characterization of an ultra-dense sub-Neptunian planet orbiting the Sun-like star K2-292 », Astronomy & Astrophysics, vol. 623,‎ , p. 1-9, article no A114 (DOI 10.1051/0004-6361/201834952 Accès libre).
  2. (en) Sarah Millholland, « Tidally Induced Radius Inflation of Sub-Neptunes », The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 886, no 72,‎ , p. 1-14 (DOI 10.3847/1538-4357/ab4c3f Accès libre).
  3. a et b (en) Stephanie (Hamilton) Deppe, « Why are there so many sub-Neptune exoplanets? », (consulté le ).
  4. (en) Edwin S. Kite, Bruce Fegley Jr., Laura Schaefer et Eric B. Ford, « Superabundance of Exoplanet Sub-Neptunes Explained by Fugacity Crisis », The Astrophysical Journal Letters, vol. 887, no 2,‎ , article no L33 (DOI 10.3847/2041-8213/ab59d9 Accès libre).
  5. a et b (en) Daniel Clery, « Astronomers stunned by six-planet system frozen in time », Science,‎ (DOI 10.1126/science.ze93fui Accès libre).
  6. a et b (en) R. Luque, H. P. Osborn, A. Leleu, E. Pallé, A. Bonfanti et al., « A resonant sextuplet of sub-Neptunes transiting the bright star HD 110067 », Nature, vol. 623,‎ , p. 932-937 (DOI 10.1038/s41586-023-06692-3).
  7. (en) Andrew Grant, « Nearby star hosts a half-dozen synchronized sub-Neptunes », Physics Today,‎ (DOI 10.1063/PT.6.1.20231129a Accès libre).

Voir aussi

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