Pteris

Pteris est un genre de fougères comprenant quelques espèces souvent tropicales. On trouve en France la fougère aigle autrefois classée parmi les Pteris, mais depuis reclassée parmi les Pteridium.

Ce genre de fougères peut être classé parmi la famille des Adiantacées selon certains auteurs.

Espèces hyperaccumulatrices

Plusieurs espèces sont connues pour être hyperaccumulatrices de métaux lourds ou métalloïdes toxiques pour la plupart des espèces (ex : Pteris ensiformis[2], Pteris cretica[3] et Pteris vittata[4] ont fait l'objet d'études en raison de leur capacité à fortement bioaccumuler l'arsenic sans en mourir[5],[6],[7] grâce à des adaptations métaboliques[2] impliquant des enzymes particuliers (arsenate reductase)[8] et une phytochélatine[4]). Cette capacité varie selon le pH du sol[9] et les amendements qui lui sont éventuellement apportés[10] et notamment en fonction de la présence/absence de phosphate[11].

Des exudats racinaires (acide oxalique et surtout acide phytique) pourraient jouer un rôle[12] et la colonisation des racines de Pteris vittata par un champignon mycorhizien à arbuscules (Glomus mosseae) influe l'absorption de la biomasse mais aussi de des arséniates. Dans ce cas l'ajout d'arsenic dans le sol a peu d'effet sur la colonisation mycorhizienne (environ 50 % de la longueur des racines lors de cette étude). Dans un sol normal, la colonisation mycorhizienne a dopé la croissance des frondes, abaissé le rapport pondéral racines/frondes et a diminué la concentration des Frondes en arsenic (de -33 à -38 %). Cependant le taux d'arsenic des frondes augmente nettement (+ 43 %) si la colonisation mycorhizienne a lieu au niveau du sol supérieur[13].

Toxicité, cancérogénicité

L'ingestion de Pteris aquilina induit plusieurs formes de cancers chez le rat de laboratoire[14].

Étymologie

Espèces

Notes et références

  1. IPNI. International Plant Names Index. Published on the Internet http://www.ipni.org, The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries and Australian National Botanic Gardens., consulté le 13 juillet 2020
  2. a et b Singh, N., Ma, L. Q., Srivastava, M., & Rathinasabapathi, B. (2006). Metabolic adaptations to arsenic-induced oxidative stress in Pteris vittata L and Pteris ensiformis L. Plant Science, 170(2), 274-282.
  3. Wei, C., Chen, T., Huang, Z., & Zhang, X. (2002). Cretan brake (Pteris cretica L.): an arsenic-accumulating plant. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 22(5), 777-778.
  4. a et b Raab, A., Feldmann J & Meharg, A.A. (2004). The nature of arsenic-phytochelatin complexes in Holcus lanatus and Pteris cretica. Plant physiology, 134(3), 1113-1122.
  5. Wang, J., Zhao, F. J., Meharg, A. A., Raab, A., Feldmann, J., & McGrath, S. P. (2002). Mechanisms of arsenic hyperaccumulation in Pteris vittata. Uptake kinetics, interactions with phosphate, and arsenic speciation. Plant physiology, 130(3), 1552-1561.
  6. Lombi, E., Zhao, F. J., Fuhrmann, M., Ma, L. Q., & McGrath, S. P. (2002). Arsenic distribution and speciation in the fronds of the hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata. New Phytologist, 156(2), 195-203.
  7. Chen, T., Wei, C., Huang, Z., Huang, Q., Lu, Q., & Fan, Z. (2002). Arsenic hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata L. and its arsenic accumulation. Chinese Science Bulletin, 47(11), 902-905.
  8. Ellis D.R, Gumaelius L, Indriolo E, Pickering I.J, Banks J A & Salt D.E (2006) A novel arsenate reductase from the arsenic hyperaccumulating fern Pteris vittata. Plant physiology, 141(4), 1544-1554.
  9. Tu S & Ma L.Q (2003) Interactive effects of pH, arsenic and phosphorus on uptake of As and P and growth of the arsenic hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata L. under hydroponic conditions. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 50(3), 243-251.
  10. Cao, X., Ma, L. Q., & Shiralipour, A. (2003). Effects of compost and phosphate amendments on arsenic mobility in soils and arsenic uptake by the hyperaccumulator, Pteris vittata L. Environmental Pollution, 126(2), 157-167.
  11. Fayiga, A. O., & Ma, L. Q. (2006). Using phosphate rock to immobilize metals in soil and increase arsenic uptake by hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata. Science of the Total Environment, 359(1-3), 17-25.
  12. Tu, S., Ma, L., & Luongo, T. (2004). Root exudates and arsenic accumulation in arsenic hyperaccumulating Pteris vittata and non-hyperaccumulating Nephrolepis exaltata. Plant and soil, 258(1), 9-19.
  13. Liu, Y., Zhu, Y. G., Chen, B. D., Christie, P., & Li, X. L. (2005). Influence of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae on uptake of arsenate by the As hyperaccumulator fern Pteris vittata L. Mycorrhiza, 15(3), 187-192.
  14. Pamukcu, A. M., & Price, J. M. (1969). Induction of intestinal and urinary bladder cancer in rats by feeding bracken fern (Pteris aquilina). Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 43(1), 275-281.

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