PROFILPELAJAR.COM

Une moyenne puissance (ou puissance moyenne) est une expression utilisée dans le champ des relations internationales et de la géopolitique pour décrire des États n'étant pas des grandes puissances, mais ayant néanmoins une influence certaine au sein de la communauté internationale. Être un pays d’une puissance moyenne veut dire que ce pays tire avantage de son expertise diplomatique et de sa plus faible force militaire pour jouer un rôle de médiateur dans des conflits entre les grandes puissances mondiales.

Concept

Ce terme fut employé pour la première fois au Canada par William Lyon Mackenzie King et Louis St-Laurent afin de décrire les nations qui avaient conservé ou développé une influence non négligeable à l’issue de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Ainsi, à titre d’exemple, le Canada est actuellement considéré comme une puissance moyenne puisqu’elle participe activement au sein de la communauté internationale^[1].

En effet, le Canada est tout d’abord membre de différentes alliances comme l’OTAN ou le NORAD. De plus, c’est actuellement la nation ayant le plus participé aux missions de l’ONU (missions humanitaires ou maintien de la paix) et a marqué sa présence en agissant pour la résolution de crises se trouvant loin de sa sphère d’influence (comme la crise du canal de Suez).

Le Canada n’étant pas une ancienne puissance coloniale et ayant une position neutre sur ce sujet a pu aussi gagner en influence parmi les États plus modestes, défendant activement certains de leurs intérêts auprès des autres pays des Nations unies, défendant une vision multipolaire du monde. D'ailleurs, les moyennes puissances sont d'ailleurs généralement des pays qui sont le plus attachés au multilatéralisme.

Les puissances des différents États sont souvent évaluées en fonction de leur capacité militaire et de leur puissance économique. Ainsi, les moyennes puissances sont donc logiquement des États n’étant économiquement ni trop « gros » ni trop « petits ». Généralement, pour donner un ordre d'idée, elles sont classées parmi les trente plus grosses économies du monde sans pour autant faire partie des dix premières. Toutefois, le rayonnement d’un État de ce type peut dépendre d’autres facteurs, comme sa prééminence dans tel ou tel domaine (culturel ou scientifique par exemple).

Néanmoins, avec la fin de la guerre froide et la montée en puissance de pays en voie de développement, l’importance de ces États s’est quelque peu réduite puisque les deux grandes factions rivales (l’OTAN et le Pacte de Varsovie) ont donné naissance à d’autres alliances ou entités, à l’image de l’Union européenne, qui est un assemblage de nations, notamment de puissances moyennes (Pays-Bas, Suède et Espagne).

Liste des puissances moyennes présumées

Afrique du Sud^[2]^,^[3]^,^[4]^,^[5]^,^[6]^,^[7]^,^[8]
Algérie^[9]^,^[2]^,^[10]
Arabie saoudite^[2]^,^[11]
Argentine^[2]^,^[12]^,^[13]^,^[14]
Australie^[2]^,^[15]^,^[16]^,^[17]^,^[18]^,^[19]^,^[20]
Autriche^[2]
Belgique^[2]^,^[10]^,^[21]
Brésil^[2]^,^[14]^,^[18]^,^[22]^,^[3]^,^[23]^,^[4]
Canada^[8]^,^[2]^,^[16]^,^[18]^,^[24]^,^[25]^,^[26]^,^[27]
Chili^[10]
Colombie^[10]
Corée du Sud^[2]^,^[19]^,^[4]^,^[28]^,^[29]^,^[30]^,^[31]^,^[32]^,^[33]^,^[34]^,^[35]^,^[36]
Danemark^[2]^,^[24]^,^[25]
Égypte^[12]^,^[4]^,^[37]
Espagne^[2]^,^[38]
Finlande^[2]
Grèce^[39]
Hongrie^[2]^,^[40]
Indonésie^[2]^,^[41]^,^[42]
Iran^[2]^,^[43]^,^[44]^,^[45]^,^[46]^,^[4]
Malaisie^[9]^,^[37]^,^[41]^,^[47]
Mexique^[2]^,^[14]^,^[4]^,^[48]^,^[49]^,^[50]
Maroc^[2]^,^[11]
Nigéria^[9]^,^[2]^,^[4]
Norvège^[2]^,^[24]^,^[25]
Nouvelle-Zélande
Pays-Bas^[2]^,^[24]^,^[25]
Pakistan^[2]^,^[51]
Pérou^[10]
Philippines^[52]^,^[53]
Pologne^[2]^,^[49]^,^[54]^,^[55]
Portugal^[38]^,^[56]
République tchèque ^[2]
Roumanie^[2]
Singapour^[57]^,^[58]
Suède^[2]^,^[16]^,^[25]^,^[59]
Suisse^[2]
Taïwan^[52]
Thaïlande^[52]^,^[60]
Turquie^[2]^,^[4]^,^[61]
Ukraine^[54]
Venezuela^[2]^,^[62]
Vietnam^[52]^,^[63]

Notes et références

↑ Garfield Newman, Regard sur le Canada, (Toronto : Cheneliere/McGraw-Hill) 424
↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab et ac} Solomon S (1997) South African Foreign Policy and Middle Power Leadership, ISS
↑ ^{a et b} Gladys Lechini, Middle Powers: IBSA and the New South-South Cooperation. NACLA Report on the Americas, Vol. 40, No. 5 (2007): 28-33: 'Today, a new, more selective South-South cooperation has appeared, bringing some hope to the people of our regions. The trilateral alliance known as the India, Brazil, and South Africa Dialogue Forum, or IBSA, exemplifies the trend … The three member countries face the same problems and have similar interests. All three consider themselves "middle powers" and leaders of their respective regions, yet they have also been subject to pressures from the North.'
↑ ^{a b c d e f g et h} Andrew F. Cooper, Agata Antkiewicz and Timothy M. Shaw, 'Lessons from/for BRICSAM about South-North Relations at the Start of the 21st Century: Economic Size Trumps All Else?', International Studies Review, Vol. 9, No. 4 (Winter, 2007), pp. 675, 687.
↑ Peter Vale, 'South Africa: Understanding the Upstairs and the Downstairs', in Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers After the Cold War, edited by Andrew F. Cooper (London: Macmillan, 1997).
↑ Janis Van Der Westhuizen, 'South Africa's Emergence as a Middle Power', Third World Quarterly, Vol. 19, No. 3 (1998), pp. 435-455.
↑ Pfister R (2006) The Apartheid Republuc and African States, H-Net
↑ ^{a et b} Eduard Jordaan, 'Barking at the Big Dogs: South Africa's Foreign Policy Towards the Middle East', Round Table, Vol. 97, No. 397 (2008), pp. 547-549.
↑ ^{a b et c} Mace G., Belanger L. (1999) The Americas in Transition: The Contours of Regionalism (p 153)
↑ ^{a b c d et e} Inoguchi K (2002) The UN Disarmament Conference in Kyote
↑ ^{a et b} Spence JE (2005) The End of South Africa’s Honeymoon, Project Syndicate
↑ ^{a et b} Wurst J (2006) Middle Powers Initiative Briefing Paper, GSI
↑ Cooper AF (1997) Niche Diplomacy - Middle Powers after the Cold War, palgrave
↑ ^{a b et c} Bernard Wood, 'Towards North-South Middle Power Coalitions', in Middle Power Internationalism: The North-South Dimension, edited by Cranford Pratt (Montreal, McGill-Queen's University Press, 1990).
↑ Patience A (2004) State Society and Governance in Melanesia, ANU
↑ ^{a b et c} Barry Buzan, The United States and the Great Powers, Cambridge, United Kingdom, Polity Press, 2004, 71 p. (ISBN 0-7456-3375-7)
↑ Hazleton WA (2005) « Middle Power Bandwagoning? Australia's Security Relationship with the United States »^{(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?)} (consulté le 1^er avril 2013), allacademic
↑ ^{a b et c} Yasmi Adriansyah, 'Questioning Indonesia's place in the world', Asia Times (20 September 2011): 'Countries often categorized as middle power (MP) include Australia, Canada and Japan. The reasons for this categorization are the nations' advanced political-economic stature as well as their significant contribution to international cooperation and development. India and Brazil were recently considered to be MP because of their rise in the global arena, particularly with the emerging notion of BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China).'
↑ ^{a et b} Tobias Harris, 'Japan Accepts its "Middle-Power" Fate'. Far Eastern Economic Review Vol. 171, No. 6 (2008), p. 45: 'Japan is settling into a position as a middle power in Asia, sitting uneasily between the U.S., its security ally, and China, its most important economic partner. In this it finds itself in a situation similar to Australia, India, South Korea and the members of Asean.'
↑ (en) Fels, Enrico, Shifting Power in Asia-Pacific? The Rise of China, Sino-US Competition and Regional Middle Power Allegiance, Springer, 2017 (ISBN 978-3-319-45689-8, lire en ligne), p. 365-436
↑ Caplan G (2006) From Rwanda to Darfur: Lessons learned?, SudanTribune
↑ Ferguson RJ (2002) Brazil: An Emerging, Revisionist 'Great Power'?, International Relations
↑ Daniel Flemes, Emerging Middle Powers' Soft Balancing Strategy: State and Perspective of the IBSA Dialogue Forum. Hamburg: GIGA, 2007.
↑ ^{a b c et d} Behringer RM (2005) Middle Power Leadership on the Human Security Agenda, SAGE
↑ ^{a b c d et e} Pratt C (1990) Middle Power Internationalism, MQUP
↑ Crosby AD (1997) A Middle-Power Military in Alliance: Canada and NORAD, JSTOR
↑ Petersen K (2003) Quest to Reify Canada as a Middle Power, Dissident Voice
↑ Armstrong DF (1997) « South Korea's foreign policy in the post-Cold War era: A middle power perspective »^{(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?)} (consulté le 1^er avril 2013)
↑ (en) « Home / Taylor & Francis Group », sur Taylor & Francis Group (consulté le 4 septembre 2020).
↑ « POLITICS-JAPAN : Aiming For Middle Power Status? », sur ipsnews.net via Wikiwix (consulté le 11 octobre 2023).
↑ Gilbert Rozman, 'South Korea and Sino-Japanese Rivalry: A Middle Power's Options Within the East Asia Core Triangle', Pacific Review, Vol. 20, No. 2 (2007), pp. 197-220.
↑ Woosang Kim, 'Korea as a Middle Power in Northeast Asian Security, in The United States and Northeast Asia: Debates, Issues, and New Order, edited by G. John Ikenbgerry and Chung-in Moon (Lantham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2008).
↑ http://www.spfusa.org/program/avs/2008/2008_south_korea_power.htm
↑ http://www.nautilus.org/fora/security/08034Robertson.html
↑ (en) Greg Sheridan, « The plucky country and the lucky country draw closer », The Australian,‎ 27 novembre 2008 (lire en ligne)
↑ (en) Fels, Enrico, Shifting Power in Asia-Pacific? The Rise of China, Sino-US Competition and Regional Middle Power Allegiance, Springer, 2017 (ISBN 978-3-319-45689-8, lire en ligne), p. 567-635
↑ ^{a et b} Ploughshares Monitor (1997) « Scrapping the Bomb: The role of middle power countries »^{(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?)} (consulté le 1^er avril 2013)
↑ ^{a et b} according to Yves Lacoste, Géopolitique, Larousse, 2009,p. 134, both Spain and Portugal exert a real influence in Africa and in the Americas.
↑ Thanos Veremēs (1997)(https://books.google.ca/books/about/The_military_in_Greek_politics.html?id=sn-yAAAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y)," Black Rose Books"
↑ Higgott RA, Cooper AF (1990) Middle Power Leadership and Coalition Building
↑ ^{a et b} Jonathan H. Ping, Middle Power Statecraft: Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Asia Pacific (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2005).
↑ (en) Fels, Enrico, Shifting Power in Asia-Pacific? The Rise of China, Sino-US Competition and Regional Middle Power Allegiance, Springer, 2017 (ISBN 978-3-319-45689-8, lire en ligne), p. 697-747
↑ Anoushiravan Ehteshami and Raymond Hinnesbusch, Syria and Iran: Middle Power in a Penetrated Regional System (London: Routledge, 1997).
↑ Nayef H. Samhat, 'Middle Powers and American Foreign Policy: Lessons for Irano-U.S. Relations, Policy Studies Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1 (2000), pp. 11-26.
↑ Ahouie M (2004) Iran Analysis Quarterly, MIT
↑ Foreign Affairs Committee (2006) Iran
↑ Kim R. Nossal and Richard Stubbs, 'Mahathir's Malaysia: An Emerging Middle Power?' in Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers After the Cold War, edited by Andrew F. Cooper (London: Macmillan, 1997).
↑ Louis Belanger and Gordon Mace, 'Middle Powers and Regionalism in the Americas: The Cases of Argentina and Mexico', in Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers After the Cold War, edited by Andrew F. Cooper (London: Macmillan, 1997).
↑ ^{a et b} Pierre G. Goad, 'Middle Powers to the Rescue?', Far Eastern Economic Review, Vol. 163, No. 24 (2000), p. 69.
↑ Pellicer O (2006) Mexico – a Reluctant Middle Power?, FES
↑ (en) Barry Buzan, The United States and the great powers: world politics in the twenty-first century, Polity, 2004, 71, 99 (ISBN 978-0-7456-3374-9, lire en ligne)
↑ ^{a b c et d} Jonathan H. Ping Middle Power Statecraft (p 104)
↑ (en) Fels, Enrico, Shifting Power in Asia-Pacific? The Rise of China, Sino-US Competition and Regional Middle Power Allegiance, Springer, 2017 (ISBN 978-3-319-45689-8, lire en ligne), p. 437-505
↑ ^{a et b} Joshua Spero, Bridging the European Divide, Rowman & Littlefield, 2004, 206 p. (ISBN 9780742535534) (ISBN 0-7425-3553-3).
↑ Kirton J (2006) Harper’s Foreign Policy Success?
↑ Oosterveld, Willem; Torossian, Bianca. "A Balancing Act: The Role of Middle Powers in Contemporary Diplomacy". Strategic Monitor 2018-2019. Clingendael Institute. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
↑ Loo BF (2005) « Transforming Singapore's Military Security Landscape: Problems and Prospects »^{(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?)} (consulté le 1^er avril 2013), allacademic
↑ Tan ATH (1999) Singapore's Defence: Capabilities, Trends, and Implications, questia
↑ Rudengren J, Gisle P, Brann K (1995) Middle Power Clout: Sweden And The Development Banks
↑ (en) Fels, Enrico, Shifting Power in Asia-Pacific? The Rise of China, Sino-US Competition and Regional Middle Power Allegiance, Springer, 2017 (ISBN 978-3-319-45689-8, lire en ligne), p. 637-695
↑ Meltem Myftyler and Myberra Yyksel, 'Turkey: A Middle Power in the New Order', in Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers After the Cold War, edited by Andrew F. Cooper (London: Macmillan, 1997).
↑ Adam Chapnick, The Middle Power 1999.
↑ ASEAN

Portail des relations internationales

[1] Garfield Newman, Regard sur le Canada, (Toronto : Cheneliere/McGraw-Hill) 424

[Solomon-2] {a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab et ac} Solomon S (1997) South African Foreign Policy and Middle Power Leadership, ISS

[Lechini-3] {a et b} Gladys Lechini, Middle Powers: IBSA and the New South-South Cooperation. NACLA Report on the Americas, Vol. 40, No. 5 (2007): 28-33: 'Today, a new, more selective South-South cooperation has appeared, bringing some hope to the people of our regions. The trilateral alliance known as the India, Brazil, and South Africa Dialogue Forum, or IBSA, exemplifies the trend … The three member countries face the same problems and have similar interests. All three consider themselves "middle powers" and leaders of their respective regions, yet they have also been subject to pressures from the North.'

[Cooper_et_al-4] {a b c d e f g et h} Andrew F. Cooper, Agata Antkiewicz and Timothy M. Shaw, 'Lessons from/for BRICSAM about South-North Relations at the Start of the 21st Century: Economic Size Trumps All Else?', International Studies Review, Vol. 9, No. 4 (Winter, 2007), pp. 675, 687.

[5] Peter Vale, 'South Africa: Understanding the Upstairs and the Downstairs', in Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers After the Cold War, edited by Andrew F. Cooper (London: Macmillan, 1997).

[6] Janis Van Der Westhuizen, 'South Africa's Emergence as a Middle Power', Third World Quarterly, Vol. 19, No. 3 (1998), pp. 435-455.

[Pfister-7] Pfister R (2006) The Apartheid Republuc and African States, H-Net

[Jordaan-8] {a et b} Eduard Jordaan, 'Barking at the Big Dogs: South Africa's Foreign Policy Towards the Middle East', Round Table, Vol. 97, No. 397 (2008), pp. 547-549.

[Mace-Belanger-9] {a b et c} Mace G., Belanger L. (1999) The Americas in Transition: The Contours of Regionalism (p 153)

[Inoguchi-10] {a b c d et e} Inoguchi K (2002) The UN Disarmament Conference in Kyote

[Spence-11] {a et b} Spence JE (2005) The End of South Africa’s Honeymoon, Project Syndicate

[Wurst-12] {a et b} Wurst J (2006) Middle Powers Initiative Briefing Paper, GSI

[Cooper-13] Cooper AF (1997) Niche Diplomacy - Middle Powers after the Cold War, palgrave

[Wood-14] {a b et c} Bernard Wood, 'Towards North-South Middle Power Coalitions', in Middle Power Internationalism: The North-South Dimension, edited by Cranford Pratt (Montreal, McGill-Queen's University Press, 1990).

[Patience-15] Patience A (2004) State Society and Governance in Melanesia, ANU

[The_United_States_and_the_Great_Powers-16] {a b et c} Barry Buzan, The United States and the Great Powers, Cambridge, United Kingdom, Polity Press, 2004, 71 p. (ISBN 0-7456-3375-7)

[Hazleton-17] Hazleton WA (2005) « Middle Power Bandwagoning? Australia's Security Relationship with the United States »^{(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?)} (consulté le 1^er avril 2013), allacademic

[Adriansyah-18] {a b et c} Yasmi Adriansyah, 'Questioning Indonesia's place in the world', Asia Times (20 September 2011): 'Countries often categorized as middle power (MP) include Australia, Canada and Japan. The reasons for this categorization are the nations' advanced political-economic stature as well as their significant contribution to international cooperation and development. India and Brazil were recently considered to be MP because of their rise in the global arena, particularly with the emerging notion of BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China).'

[Harris-19] {a et b} Tobias Harris, 'Japan Accepts its "Middle-Power" Fate'. Far Eastern Economic Review Vol. 171, No. 6 (2008), p. 45: 'Japan is settling into a position as a middle power in Asia, sitting uneasily between the U.S., its security ally, and China, its most important economic partner. In this it finds itself in a situation similar to Australia, India, South Korea and the members of Asean.'

[Fels2017a-20] (en) Fels, Enrico, Shifting Power in Asia-Pacific? The Rise of China, Sino-US Competition and Regional Middle Power Allegiance, Springer, 2017 (ISBN 978-3-319-45689-8, lire en ligne), p. 365-436

[Caplan-21] Caplan G (2006) From Rwanda to Darfur: Lessons learned?, SudanTribune

[Ferguson-22] Ferguson RJ (2002) Brazil: An Emerging, Revisionist 'Great Power'?, International Relations

[23] Daniel Flemes, Emerging Middle Powers' Soft Balancing Strategy: State and Perspective of the IBSA Dialogue Forum. Hamburg: GIGA, 2007.

[Behringer-24] {a b c et d} Behringer RM (2005) Middle Power Leadership on the Human Security Agenda, SAGE

[Pratt-25] {a b c d et e} Pratt C (1990) Middle Power Internationalism, MQUP

[Crosby-26] Crosby AD (1997) A Middle-Power Military in Alliance: Canada and NORAD, JSTOR

[Petersen-27] Petersen K (2003) Quest to Reify Canada as a Middle Power, Dissident Voice

[Armstrong-28] Armstrong DF (1997) « South Korea's foreign policy in the post-Cold War era: A middle power perspective »^{(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?)} (consulté le 1^er avril 2013)

[29] (en) « Home / Taylor & Francis Group », sur Taylor & Francis Group (consulté le 4 septembre 2020).

[30] « POLITICS-JAPAN : Aiming For Middle Power Status? », sur ipsnews.net via Wikiwix (consulté le 11 octobre 2023).

[31] Gilbert Rozman, 'South Korea and Sino-Japanese Rivalry: A Middle Power's Options Within the East Asia Core Triangle', Pacific Review, Vol. 20, No. 2 (2007), pp. 197-220.

[32] Woosang Kim, 'Korea as a Middle Power in Northeast Asian Security, in The United States and Northeast Asia: Debates, Issues, and New Order, edited by G. John Ikenbgerry and Chung-in Moon (Lantham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2008).

[33] ttp://www.spfusa.org/program/avs/2008/2008_south_korea_power.htm

[34] ttp://www.nautilus.org/fora/security/08034Robertson.html

[35] (en) Greg Sheridan, « The plucky country and the lucky country draw closer », The Australian,‎ 27 novembre 2008 (lire en ligne)

[Fels2017b-36] (en) Fels, Enrico, Shifting Power in Asia-Pacific? The Rise of China, Sino-US Competition and Regional Middle Power Allegiance, Springer, 2017 (ISBN 978-3-319-45689-8, lire en ligne), p. 567-635

[Ploughshares-37] {a et b} Ploughshares Monitor (1997) « Scrapping the Bomb: The role of middle power countries »^{(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?)} (consulté le 1^er avril 2013)

[Lacoste-38] {a et b} according to Yves Lacoste, Géopolitique, Larousse, 2009,p. 134, both Spain and Portugal exert a real influence in Africa and in the Americas.

[Thanos-Veremēs-39] Thanos Veremēs (1997)(https://books.google.ca/books/about/The_military_in_Greek_politics.html?id=sn-yAAAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y)," Black Rose Books"

[Higott-Cooper-40] Higgott RA, Cooper AF (1990) Middle Power Leadership and Coalition Building

[Ping-41] {a et b} Jonathan H. Ping, Middle Power Statecraft: Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Asia Pacific (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2005).

[Fels2017c-42] (en) Fels, Enrico, Shifting Power in Asia-Pacific? The Rise of China, Sino-US Competition and Regional Middle Power Allegiance, Springer, 2017 (ISBN 978-3-319-45689-8, lire en ligne), p. 697-747

[Ehteshami-43] Anoushiravan Ehteshami and Raymond Hinnesbusch, Syria and Iran: Middle Power in a Penetrated Regional System (London: Routledge, 1997).

[44] Nayef H. Samhat, 'Middle Powers and American Foreign Policy: Lessons for Irano-U.S. Relations, Policy Studies Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1 (2000), pp. 11-26.

[Ahouie-45] Ahouie M (2004) Iran Analysis Quarterly, MIT

[Foreign_Affairs-46] Foreign Affairs Committee (2006) Iran

[47] Kim R. Nossal and Richard Stubbs, 'Mahathir's Malaysia: An Emerging Middle Power?' in Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers After the Cold War, edited by Andrew F. Cooper (London: Macmillan, 1997).

[Belanger-48] Louis Belanger and Gordon Mace, 'Middle Powers and Regionalism in the Americas: The Cases of Argentina and Mexico', in Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers After the Cold War, edited by Andrew F. Cooper (London: Macmillan, 1997).

[Goad-49] {a et b} Pierre G. Goad, 'Middle Powers to the Rescue?', Far Eastern Economic Review, Vol. 163, No. 24 (2000), p. 69.

[Pellicer-50] Pellicer O (2006) Mexico – a Reluctant Middle Power?, FES

[Buzan2004-51] (en) Barry Buzan, The United States and the great powers: world politics in the twenty-first century, Polity, 2004, 71, 99 (ISBN 978-0-7456-3374-9, lire en ligne)

[Asia-Pacific-52] {a b c et d} Jonathan H. Ping Middle Power Statecraft (p 104)

[Fels2017e-53] (en) Fels, Enrico, Shifting Power in Asia-Pacific? The Rise of China, Sino-US Competition and Regional Middle Power Allegiance, Springer, 2017 (ISBN 978-3-319-45689-8, lire en ligne), p. 437-505

[spero-54] {a et b} Joshua Spero, Bridging the European Divide, Rowman & Littlefield, 2004, 206 p. (ISBN 9780742535534) (ISBN 0-7425-3553-3).

[Kirton-55] Kirton J (2006) Harper’s Foreign Policy Success?

[56] Oosterveld, Willem; Torossian, Bianca. "A Balancing Act: The Role of Middle Powers in Contemporary Diplomacy". Strategic Monitor 2018-2019. Clingendael Institute. Retrieved 18 May 2019.

[Loo-57] Loo BF (2005) « Transforming Singapore's Military Security Landscape: Problems and Prospects »^{(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?)} (consulté le 1^er avril 2013), allacademic

[Tan-58] Tan ATH (1999) Singapore's Defence: Capabilities, Trends, and Implications, questia

[Rudengren-Gisle-Brann-59] Rudengren J, Gisle P, Brann K (1995) Middle Power Clout: Sweden And The Development Banks

[Fels2017f-60] (en) Fels, Enrico, Shifting Power in Asia-Pacific? The Rise of China, Sino-US Competition and Regional Middle Power Allegiance, Springer, 2017 (ISBN 978-3-319-45689-8, lire en ligne), p. 637-695

[61] Meltem Myftyler and Myberra Yyksel, 'Turkey: A Middle Power in the New Order', in Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers After the Cold War, edited by Andrew F. Cooper (London: Macmillan, 1997).

[Chapnick-62] Adam Chapnick, The Middle Power 1999.

[ASEAN_chair_2010-63] ASEAN

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

PROFILPELAJAR.COM

Moyenne puissance

Concept

Liste des puissances moyennes présumées

Notes et références

Read other articles:

Kayu manis tiongkok

Basilika Tempat Ziarah Nasional Bunda Maria Yang Dikandung Tanpa Noda, El Viejo

County Frio, Texas

Deuteromycota

نهائي كأس الرابطة الفرنسية 2000

John Fletcher Darby

Bank Banten

Giovan Battista Deti

Satellite (chanson)

Marion Cotillard

Softball at the Asian Games

Luigi XIV di Francia

ソー (オー＝ド＝セーヌ県)

EndeavourOS

2016年美國總統選舉

وزارة إبراهيم محلب الأولى

Epsom and Ewell (UK Parliament constituency)

Ueda Electric Railway Bessho Line

Education in Spain

منتخب موريتانيا لكرة القدم