Gordyène

La Gordyène, Gorduène, Corduène, Cordyène, Cardyène, Carduène, Korduène, Gordiane, Kordchayk ou Korčayk’ (en kurde: Kardox, en arménien : Կորճայք, en syriaque Beth Qardu, en hébreu : קרטיגיני[1]) est une ancienne région du nord de la Mésopotamie située dans l'est de l'actuelle Turquie (province de Şırnak).

Histoire

Son nom, ainsi que celui de ses habitants antiques, les Kardukhiens (que les Kurdes actuels revendiquent comme ancêtres[2]) signifie « nomades des pâturages, campant sous des tentes »[3].

Sujets de l'Urartu, les Kardukhiens entrent dans la sphère d'influence achéménide au VIe siècle av. J.-C., puis séleucide et ensuite parthe. Au début du Ier siècle av. J.-C. sous Tigrane II, la Gordyène est intégrée au royaume d'Arménie puis, après la défaite de Tigrane devant Lucullus puis Pompée, à Rome (de -65 jusqu'en +37), avant de revenir sous le contrôle des Parthes (37-47)[4].

Puis, le pays appartient à Rome (47-252), avant de revenir aux Sassanides (252-287).

En 298 par le traité de Nisibe, Dioclétien l'incorpore à l'Empire romain. En 363, Jovien doit toutefois la céder au roi sassanide Shapur II ; elle reste dans le giron sassanide jusqu'en 578, année pendant laquelle Maurice Ier l'incorpore à l'Empire byzantin. Elle est ensuite conquise par les Arabes en 640.

Province arménienne

Les quinze provinces de l'Arménie majeure, avec la Gordyène au sud.

Selon le géographe arménien du VIIe siècle Anania de Shirak, la région était la sixième province de l'Arménie historique[5] (même si l'antique royaume n'a été contrôlé par l'Arménie que pendant environ 250 ans[6]), l'un des quatre bdeshkhs (« marche ») du royaume arménien[7]. Elle était divisée en 11 districts ou cantons (gavar, գավառ)[8] :

  • Korduk’ (Կորդուք) ;
  • Kordrik’ Verin (« Haut-Kordrik », Կորդիք վերին) ;
  • Kordrik’ Miǰin (« Moyen-Kordrik », Կորդիք միջին) ;
  • Kordrik’ Nerk’in (« Bas-Kordrik », Կորդիք ներքին) ;
  • A[yr]truank’ (Այտվանք) ;
  • Aygark’ (Այգասք) ;
  • Mot’ołank’ (Մոթողանք) ;
  • Orsirank’ (Որսիրանք) ;
  • Kart’unik’ (Կարթունիք) ;
  • Čahuk (Ճահուկ) ;
  • Ałbak P’ok’r (« Bas-Ałbak », Աղբակ Փոքր).

Notes et références

  1. ↑ Efraim Elimelech Urbach, I. Abrahams, The Sages, 1089 pp., Magnes Press, 1979, (ISBN 965-223-319-6), p.552
  2. ↑ Karnamak Ardashir Papakan and the Matadakan i Hazar Dastan. G. Asatrian, Prolegomena to the Study of the Kurds, Iran and the Caucasus, vol. 13, (DOI 10.1163/160984909X12476379007846, lire en ligne), p. 1–58 : « Generally, the etymons and primary meanings of tribal names or ethnonyms, as well as place names, are often irrecoverable; Kurd is also an obscurity » ; « It is clear that kurt in all the contexts has a distinct social sense, “nomad, tent-dweller”. It could equally be an attribute for any Iranian ethnic group having similar characteristics. To look for a particular ethnic sense here would be a futile exercise. » ; p. 24: « The Pahlavi materials clearly show that kurd in pre-Islamic Iran was a social label, still a long way off from becoming an ethnonym or a term denoting a distinct group of people. »
  3. ↑ Article de l'Encyclopedia Britanica (1911) sur [1]
  4. ↑ Articles de l'Encyclopedia Britanica (1911) sur [2] et Parthian City Index
  5. ↑ Gérard Dédéyan (dir.), Histoire du peuple arménien, Toulouse, Éd. Privat, (1re éd. 1982), 991 p. [détail de l’édition] (ISBN 978-2-7089-6874-5), p. 43.
  6. ↑ (en) Richard G. Hovannisian (dir.), Armenian People form Ancient to Modern Times, vol. I : The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century, Palgrave Macmillan, 2004 (ISBN 978-1403964212), p. 15.
  7. ↑ (en) Richard G. Hovannisian (dir.), op. cit., p. 16.
  8. ↑ (en) Robert H. Hewsen, Armenia: A historical Atlas, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago et Londres, 2001 (ISBN 0-226-33228-4), p. 102-103.
v · m
Les quinze provinces selon Anania de Shirak
Autres régions

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