Futura (police de caractères)

Futura est une police de caractères linéale géométrique conçue par Paul Renner, entre et , pour la fonderie Bauer (Bauersche Gießerei).

Elle participe, avec les productions de Jan Tschichold, à la modernité contemporaine du Bauhaus. S'opposant à une tradition typographique de la continuité, ces travaux se distinguaient par l'affirmation de nouveaux modèles d'écriture, notamment basés sur des formes géométriques, comme l'atteste le dessin de la lettre « O » dans le Futura.[réf. souhaitée]

Histoire

Le Futura, conçu entre et , est donc novateur pour son époque, car empreint des idéaux modernistes du Bauhaus, même si son créateur n'en fut pas membre. Le caractère va rencontrer un succès fulgurant et sera distribué dans le monde entier. Cependant les nazis vont rapidement imposer leur conception de la typographie. Désormais, tout doit être écrit en gothique allemand (Fraktur), police avec laquelle a été imprimé Mein Kampf. Le Futura sera interdit des documents officiels, et son auteur sera chassé de son poste de directeur de l'école d'imprimerie de Munich[1].

Il faudra attendre , pour que les nazis renoncent à l'emploi obligatoire des écritures gothiques. Ce revirement est beaucoup plus pragmatique qu'idéologique. L'emploi des typographies gothiques dans les pays occupés rendait la propagande nazie illisible.

Une linéale géométrique ?

Bien que son dessin soit basé sur des formes géométriques, la philosophie qui a guidé Paul Renner n'émane pas complètement d'une vision moderniste visant une simplification par l'abstraction géométrique du dessin des lettres, et son auteur n'a jamais appelé à une rupture radicale avec le passé.

Le Futura est inspiré des capitales romaines de la colonne Trajane et le dessin de ses bas-de-casses propose de multiples variations de lettres, renvoyant à la tradition manuscrite où la graphie des lettres peut également varier[2].

Utilisations de Futura

Futura a été utilisé pour la plaque commémorative déposée en sur la Lune par la mission Apollo 11[3].
Variante cyrillique de la police de caractères Futura fait pour les Jeux olympiques d'été de , à Moscou.

La police Futura est ou a été utilisée (quelques exemples) :

Notes et références

  1. (en) Werner Heine and Annette Haxton, « 'Futura' without a Future: Kurt Schwitters' Typography for Hanover Town Council, 1929-1934 », (consulté le ).
  2. Graphéine, « Typorama #06 : vers l'infini, et Futura ! », (consulté le ).
  3. (en) Douglas Thomas, « How One Typeface Landed on the Moon », sur magenta.as, .
  4. Ikea choisit Verdana, bbxdesign.com, 26 août 2009.
  5. Typographie Canal+. Blog.lenodal.com, 2 décembre 2006.
  6. (en) « Olympic Village » [PDF], Amateur Athletic Foundation of Los Angeles, .
  7. (en) Mark Simonson, « Royal Tenenbaum's World of Futura », MarkSimonson.com, .
  8. (en) Rico Gagliano, « Barbara Kruger Talks Past, Present, and Futura », DinnerPartyDownload.org, .
  9. (en) Stephen Coles, « Barbara Kruger & Kim Kardashian on W », FontsinUse.com, .
  10. (en) « A time to revisit Barbara Kruger's past, present and Futura times », Typorn.org, .
  11. « Utopia Review », Zero-Credibility.com, .

Bibliographie

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

  • Liste de polices de caractères.
  • Architype Renner, autre police dessinée par Renner, reproduisant les caractères expérimentaux de la Futura.

Liens externes

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