Chambellan du Japon

Katsura Tarō, 1912.

Le grand chambellan du Japon (侍従, Jijū?, autrefois Omobito-machigimi) est le serviteur et aide personnel de l'empereur du Japon. Gardien du sceau privé et du sceau d'État, sa fonction civile fut créée pendant l'ère Meiji. Aujourd'hui assisté par le vice-grand chambellan, il dirige le conseil des chambellans, une division de l'agence impériale responsable de l'organisation de l'emploi du temps quotidien de l'empereur. En ancien japonais, le chambellan est parfois nommé 公卿 (Maetsukimi?)[1].

Histoire

Selon le code de Taihō datant de 701, il était supposé que le chambellan devait appartenir au ministère du Centre. Lorsque la fonction de chambellan (蔵人所, kurōdodokoro?) fut créée en 801, son rôle fut rapidement réduit et limité aux seules affaires de la Cour. En 1869, le chambellan fut introduit au ministère de la famille impériale. La fonction fut placée sous le système de mérite en 1871 et trois personnes — Tokudaiji Sanetsune, Kawase Masataka et Higashikuze Michitomi — furent nommées. Selon les règles du ministère de la famille impériale[2], le grand chambellan supervisait les autres chambellans.

Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, les chambellans furent organisés au sein du conseil des chambellans, organisme de l'agence impériale, via l'éphémère agence de la famille impériale (宮内府, kunaifu?). Après le vote de la loi nationale sur le service public (Shōwa 22 Loi No. 120), le chambellan devint un agent public. Bien que des distinctions étaient faites entre les fonctionnaires de première classe, de deuxième classe et ainsi de suite, ce système disparut après la réforme du gouvernement central de 2001. La fonction de grand chambellan est celle d'un fonctionnaire assermenté, et sa nomination et sa destitution sont à la charge de l'empereur.

Prince héritier

Le prince héritier dispose également d'un chambellan. Ce fonctionnaire est appelé chambellan du palais de l'est (東宮侍従, Tōgū-jijū?) en japonais parce que le prince héritier vit dans le palais de l'est (東宮, Tōgū?, et le prince héritier est aussi nommé Tōgū). Le chambellan en chef du prince héritier est à la tête de la maison du prince héritier[1].

Liste des grands chambellans du Japon

(Pendant l'ère Meiji)

Kantarō Suzuki, grand chambellan de 1929 à 1936

(Après la promulgation de la constitution du Japon de 1947)

Articles connexes

Références

  1. ↑ a et b Organization and Functions of the Imperial Household Agency, official site of the Imperial Household Agency
  2. ↑ 「侍従長ハ親任又ハ勅任トス常侍奉仕シ侍従職ヲ統轄シ便宜事ヲ奏シ旨ヲ宣ス」・「侍従ハ……奏任トス側近ノ事ヲ分掌ス」

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