Alphabet palmyrénien

Palmyrénien
Image illustrative de l’article Alphabet palmyrénien
Caractéristiques
Type Alphabet
Langue(s) Palmyrénien, dialecte de l'araméen
Direction De droite à gauche
Historique
Époque Du Ier siècle av. J.-C. au IIIe siècle apr. J.-C.
Système(s) parent(s) Protocananéen

 Phénicien
  Araméen
   Palmyrénien

Système(s) apparenté(s) Hatran, hébraïque, mandéen, nabatéen, pehlevi, parthe
Codage
Unicode Palmyrénien
ISO 15924 Palm, 126

L'alphabet palmyrénien est un alphabet sémitique historique utilisé pour écrire le dialecte du même nom, variante locale de l'araméen. Il a été utilisé entre le Ier siècle av. J.-C. et le IIIe siècle apr. J.-C. à Palmyre, dans le désert syrien. La plus ancienne inscription conservée date de 44 av. J.-C.[1] et la plus récente de 274 apr. J.-C., deux ans après la victoire de l'empereur romain Aurélien sur l'éphémère Empire palmyrénien. Il a ensuite été remplacé par le grec et le latin.

Il dérive des versions cursives de l'alphabet araméen et partage plusieurs de ses caractéristiques[2],[3] : vingt-deux lettres représentant uniquement des consonnes, écrit horizontalement de droite à gauche, nombres écrits dans le même sens à l'aide d'un système non-décimal

L'alphabet palmyrénien est normalement écrit sans espace ni ponctuation entre les mots et les phrases (style scriptio continua)[1]. Les formes cursives et monumentales utilisent des ligatures typographiques[3].

Caractères

Nombres

Le système numérique palmyrénien utilise un système non-décimal utilisant des combinaisons de symboles pour 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10 et 20[3], de manière comparable à l'araméen[4].

Lettres

Les ligatures sur les lettres b, ḥ, m, n et q avant d'autres consonnes sont présentes dans certaines inscriptions mais non systématiques. Deux fleurons (gauche et droite) apparaissent souvent à proximité des chiffres.

Déchiffrement

Table des caractères palmyréniens de Jean-Jacques Barthélemy, 1754

Des exemples d'inscriptions dans cet alphabet sont imprimées dès le XVIIe siècle mais des copies précises d'inscriptions bilingues palmyrène-grecque ne sont disponibles en Europe qu'en 1753, avec la parution du récit de voyage de Robert Wood, Ruins of Palmyra. L'alphabet palmyrénien fut alors entièrement déchiffré par l'abbé Jean-Jacques Barthélemy, qui présenta le 12 février 1754 à l'Académie des Inscriptions et des Belles Lettres son mémoire « Réflexions sur l'alphabet et sur la langue dont on usait à Palmyre »[5].

Liste des caractères

Lettre Unicode Nom Valeur
𐡠 U+10860 Aleph [ʔ], []
𐡡 U+10861 Beth [b], [v]
𐡢 U+10862 Gimel [ɡ], [ɣ]
𐡣 U+10863 Daleth [d], [ð]
𐡤 U+10864 He [h]
𐡥 U+10865 Waw [w], [], []
𐡦 U+10866 Zayin [z]
𐡧 U+10867 Heth [ħ]
𐡨 U+10868 Teth []
𐡩 U+10869 Yod [j], [], []
𐡪 U+1086A Kaph [k], [x]
𐡫 U+1086B Lamed [l]
𐡬 U+1086C Mem [m]
𐡭 U+1086D Nun final [n]
𐡮 U+1086E Nun [n]
𐡯 U+1086F Samekh [s]
𐡰 U+10870 Ayin [ʕ]
𐡱 U+10871 Pe [p], [f]
𐡲 U+10872 Sadhe []
𐡳 U+10873 Qoph [q]
𐡴 U+10874 Resh [r]
𐡵 U+10875 Shin [ʃ]
𐡶 U+10876 Taw [t], [θ]
𐡷 U+10877 fleuron gauche
𐡸 U+10878 fleuron droit
𐡹 U+10879 1
𐡺 U+1087A 2
𐡻 U+1087B 3
𐡼 U+1087C 4
𐡽 U+1087D 5
𐡾 U+1087E 10, 100
𐡿 U+1087F 20
0123456789ABCDEF
U+10860 𐡠 𐡡 𐡢 𐡣 𐡤 𐡥 𐡦 𐡧 𐡨 𐡩 𐡪 𐡫 𐡬 𐡭 𐡮 𐡯
U+10870 𐡰 𐡱 𐡲 𐡳 𐡴 𐡵 𐡶 𐡷 𐡸 𐡹 𐡺 𐡻 𐡼 𐡽 𐡾 𐡿

Galerie

Références

  1. a et b « Palmyrenian alphabet » dans l'Encyclopædia Britannica
  2. The World's Writing Systems, Oxford University Press, Inc, (ISBN 978-0195079937)
  3. a b et c Michael Everson, « N3867R2: Proposal for encoding the Palmyrene script in the SMP of the UCS », (consulté le )
  4. Michael Everson, « N3339: Proposal for encoding the Imperial Aramaic script in the SMP of the UCS », (consulté le )
  5. André Dupont-Sommer . « Jean-Jacques Barthélemy et l'ancienne Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres », Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 115e année, N. 4, 1971. p. 707-725, Lire en ligne

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