Al-Qasim ibn Hâroun ar-Rachîd

Al-Qâssim ibn Hârûn Al-Rashîd

Biographie
Activité	Chef militaire
Père	Hâroun ar-Rachîd
Fratrie	Ahmed Al-Sabti (d) Al-Ma’mūn Muhammad ibn Harun al-Amin Al-Muʿtas̩im Abu ʿIsa Muhammad ibn Harun al-Rashid (d)

Al-Qasim ibn Hâroun ar-Rachîd, ou plus simplement Al-Qasim, est le troisième fils du calife abbasside Haroun ar-Rachid dont le règne d'étend de 786 à 809.

Biographie

Al-Qasim est né d'une mère esclave, dénommée Qasif. Dans sa jeunesse, il est placé sous la tutelle du général Abd al-Malik ibn Salih. Grâce à son influence, Al-Qasim devient le troisième dans l'ordre de succession en 802 ou 803. Il est précédé par ses deux frères aînés, les futurs califes Al-Amin (809-813) et Al-Ma'mūn (813-833). Al-Qasim reçoit aussi l'épithète honorifique (le laqab) d'Al-Mu'tamin (« le dévoué »). Malgré son statut de possible prétendant au trône, Haroun décide qu'Al-Ma'mun peut, une fois calife, donner la priorité à ses propres fils pour sa succession. Cela n'empêche pas Haroun ar-Rachid de confier le commandement des provinces frontalières de l'Empire byzantin à Al-Qasim, qui s'installe à Manbij.

Lors de l'été 803, Al-Qasim conduit une expédition contre l'Asie Mineure byzantine. Il assiège la forteresse de Koron tandis que son lieutenant, 'Abbas ibn Ja'far Ibn Mouhammad ibn al-Ach'ath est envoyé assiéger par les Arabes une autre place-forte appelée Sinan. Néanmoins, les Byzantins offrent de libérer 320 prisonniers musulmans en échange de la paix, ce qu'Al-Aqsim accepte. En février 808, Haroun quitte sa résidence à Raqqa pour mener sa deuxième expédition au Khorassan. Il laisse alors son fils Al-Aqim le seconder avec Khouzayma ibn Khazim comme conseiller. Après la mort d'Haroun, son frère accède au pouvoir sous le nom d'Al-Amin. S'il reste gouverneur d'Al-Awasim et de jund Qinnasrin (les régions entre Antioche et Alep), il n'est plus gouverneur de la Jazira (Haute-Mésopotamie). Finalement, en 810, Al-Qasim est révoqué de l'ensemble de ses fonctions au profit de Khouzayma et est placé en résidence surveillée à Bagdad. Al-Amin fait retirer son nom des prières, de même que celui de son frère Al-Ma'mun qui s'est révolté dans le Khorassan. La guerre civile qui s'ensuit débouche sur l'assassinat d'Al-Amin et la montée sur le trône d'Al-Ma'mun qui dépossède Al-Qasim de son titre de dauphin.

Bibliographie

(en) Clifford Edmund Bosworth, The History of Al-Tabari, Volume 30: The 'Abbasid Caliphate in Equilibrium. The Caliphates of Musa Al-Hadi and Harun Al-Rashid, A.D. 785–809/A.H. 169–193, State University of New York Press, 1989 (ISBN 0-88706-564-3).
(en) Michael Fishbein, The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXXI: The War Between Brothers: The Caliphate of Muḥammad al-Amīn, A.D. 809–813/A.H. 193–198, SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press, 1992 (ISBN 978-0-7914-1085-1).

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