Wa (Japani)

Kiinalainen kirjoitusmerkki wa tai wō, jossa on ihmistä merkitsevä radikaali 亻 ja foneettinen osa 委

Wa (jap. 倭, kiin. 倭, Wō) on varhaisin tunnettu Japanista käytetty nimi eli kiinalainen kirjoitusmerkki. Luultavasti se esiintyy ensimmäisen kerran Shanhaijing-teoksessa, varmuudella kuitenkin Hanshu-kronikassa eli ”Han-dynastian kirjassa”, joka on kirjoitettu 1. vuosisadalla. Vastaavasti japanilaisiin viitattiin sanalla wajin (倭人).[1]

Sanaa käytettiin Kiinassa ja Koreassa viittaamaan Japaniin, mutta myös japanilaiset käyttivät sitä itsestään 600-luvulle saakka kommunikoidessaan kiinalaisten kanssa; tällaisesta käytöstä osoittavat esimerkiksi Wan viisi kuningasta (Wa no goō), jotka kutsuivat itseään ”Wan kuninkaiksi” (Wa no kokuō). Koreassa nimi on tavattu muun muassa goguryeolaisesta Gwanggaeton steelasta. Prinssi Shōtokun jälkeen japanilaiset alkoivat kutsua omaan maataan nimellä Nippon tai Nihon (日本), ja myös kiinalaiset ryhtyivät käyttämään tätä nimeä 700-luvulta alkaen.[1]

Sanan merkitys lienee vaihdellut: 200-luvun Sanguozhissa käytetyn termin on päätelty viittaavan erityisesti Länsi-Japaniin, Kyūshūn, Shikokun ja Chūgokun alueisiin. 400-luvun Songshussa sana lienee puolestaan viitannut Yamato-valtioon, jota se nyt alkoi merkitä, ja kirjoitusmerkkikin alettiin Japanissa lukea ”Yamato”.[1]

Wa-nimen etymologiasta ei ole varmuutta. Vanhastaan sen on selitetty esimerkiksi tulleen japanin itseen viittaavasta sanasta wa (吾) tai merkitsevän tottelevaista, alistuvaa henkilöä. Myöhemmin sen on päätelty tarkoittaneen ”kääpiötä, lyhyttä ja kumaraselkäistä ihmistä” muun muassa historiallisen sanakirjan Shuowen jiezi määritelmän perusteella.[1] Halventavan merkityksensä vuoksi merkki korvattiin Japanissa positiivisella, harmoniaa tarkoittavalla merkillä 和, joka lausutaan samalla tavalla.[2]

Lähteet

  1. ↑ a b c d 倭 Kotobank / ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典 / 世界大百科事典 第２版 / 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ). Viitattu 2.9.2017.
  2. ↑ Henshall, Kenneth: Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945, s. 455. Scarecrow Press, 2013. ISBN 9780810878723 Teoksen verkkoversio.

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