Mohenjo-Daro


Mohenjo-Daro
Mohenjo-Daro, Sindh, Pakistan.
Mohenjo-Daron "Suuren kylpylän" allas.

Mohenjo-Daro (urduksi ‏موئن جو دڑو‎, Kuolleiden kumpu) oli muinainen kaupunki ja nykyinen arkeologinen kohde Indusjoen laaksossa nykyisessä Pakistanissa. Se sijaitsee 400 kilometriä Karachista Sindhin provinssissa.[1] Se on todennäköisesti ollut yhdessä Harappan kanssa harappalaisten valtakunnan pääkaupunki.[2] Kaupunki on sekä Intian seudun vanhimpia ja melko hyvin säilynyt.[1]

Vanha sivilisaatiokeskus

Kaupungin ala oli huipussaan jopa yli 300 hehtaaria[3]. Kaupungissa lienee asunut noin 35 000[4]−40 000 asukasta. Kaupungin kukoistusaikaa kesti noin 800 vuotta kolmannella ja toisella vuosituhannella ennen ajanlaskun alkua.[1] Sen talot on rakennettu lähes kokonaan poltetusta tiilestä vuosina 2500–2100 ennen ajanlaskun alkua.[2] Alun perin se oli muodoltaan suorakulmainen ja siellä oli ruutukaava.[2] Kaupungissa oli noin 10400 taloa[5]. Talojen ala oli yleensä 50–150 neliömetriä[6]. Kaksitoista 9–14 metrin levyistä pääkatua jakoi kaupungin kahteentoista kortteliin, joista 11 oli asuntokortteleita ja viimeisessä, muista erillään olevassa korttelissa oli linnakkeen muodostava tekokumpu, jossa oli useita rakennuksia.[2]. Linnoituksen ala on 12 ha[7]. Mohenjo-Daro oli ensimmäinen merkki kaupungistumisesta Etelä-Aasiassa, ja moni itämaisista sivilisaatioista otti mallia sen kaupunkisuunnittelusta.[1]

Kaupungin tuho

Induksen tasangoilla on ollut paljon tulvia, ja osa Mohenjo-Darosta on pohjaveden pinnan alapuolella.[2] Vuoden 1900 eaa. tienoilla kaupunki alkoi rappeutua. Syyksi on väitetty ainakin ulkoista hyökkäystä, ilmaston kuivumista, tektoniikasta johtuvaa joenuoman muutosta, jatkuvia tulvia, kulkutauteja ja kapinoita.kenen mukaan? Joidenkin mielestä metsien puuvarat oli jo käytetty kaupunkien korjaamiseen ja tiilien polttamiseen,[2] mutta toisaalta lähialueen galleriametsistä vain pieni osa riittää tiilien polttoon. Kaupunki hylättiin lopullisesti viimeistään 1 300 vuotta ennen ajanlaskun alkua.

Kaupungin koon kehitys

Paikka lienee perustettu noin 3300 eaa.[8]

  • 2900–2600 eaa.: 5 hehtaaria
  • 2600–2250 eaa.: 75 hehtaaria
  • 2250–1900 eaa.: 200 hehtaaria
  • 1900–1700 eaa.: 100 hehtaaria
  • 1700–1300 eaa.: 20 hehtaaria[9]

"Hautaamattomat ruumiit"

Mohenjo-Daro "hautaamattomat ruumiit".

Kaupungista löydettiin 1900-luvun arkeologisissa kaivauksissa taloista ja kaduilta noin 40 ruumista, jotka vaikuttivat kuolleen yksittäisen äkkinäisen tapahtuman seurauksena. Arkeologi Mortimer Wheeler väitti aikoinaan löytöä todisteeksi arjalaisten hyökkäyksestä. Toisten mukaan tulva on laukaissut kulkutaudin tai uhrit ovat kuolleet nälkään.[10] Uudempien tutkimusten mukaan ruumiit olivat haudattuja ja peräisin useilta eri aikakausilta.[11]

Kaivaukset

Vain yksi kolmasosa kaupungista on kaivettu esille sen vuonna 1922 tapahtuneen löytämisen jälkeen.[1]

Katso myös

Lähteet

  1. ↑ a b c d e UNESCO: Archaeological Ruins at Moenjodaro (englanniksi) Viitattu 27.8.2012.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f Jennifer Westwood: Muinaisten kulttuurien arvoitukset, s. 192–194. Otava, 1998. ISBN 951-1-09924-8.
  3. ↑ Harappan surprises Frontline. 28.5.2014. Viitattu 4.6.2016.
  4. ↑ Alex Whitaker: Mohenjo Daro www.ancient-wisdom.com. Viitattu 4.6.2016.
  5. ↑ [1] R.K. Pruthi, Indus Civilization, Discovery Publishing House, 2004 s. 157
  6. ↑ Ideology and harappan civilization Daniel Miller, Journal of Anthropological Archaeology Volume 4, Issue 1, March 1985, Pages 34-71, https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4165(85)90013-3, s. 48
  7. ↑ Miller 1985, s. 46
  8. ↑ Jonathan M. Kenoyer (2010) Trade and technology of the Indus Valley: New insights from Harappa, Pakistan, World Archaeology, 29:2, s. 262-280, DOI: 10.1080/00438243.1997.9980377
  9. ↑ Aurangzeb Khan & Carsten Lemmen: Bricks and urbanism in the Indus Valley rise and decline ResearchGate. 27.2.2013. Viitattu 31.5.2016. (englanniksi)
  10. ↑ The Mohenjo Daro ‘Massacre’ Ancient Origins. (englanniksi)
  11. ↑ George F. Dales: The Mythical Massacre at Mohenjo-Daro Expedition. Spring / 1964. Arkistoitu 8.9.2015. Viitattu 28.6.2015.

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