Martensiitti

rautaseosten faaseja
Terästyyppejä
Muut rautapohjaiset seokset
malline:

Martensiitti on teräksissä esiintyvä lievästi tetragonisen hilarakenteen omaava ferriitti, eli tilakeskinen tetragoninen hilarakenne, joka syntyy austeniitista leikkautumalla ilman diffuusiota. Martensiitti syntyy seostamattomaan tai niukkaseosteiseen teräksen nopean jäähtymisen eli karkaisun yhteydessä austeniitti-faasista tietyllä lämpötila-alueella (Ms - Mf, missä reaktion alkamislämpötila on Ms ja loppumislämpötila Mf). Nämä lämpötilat riippuvat hiilipitoisuudesta. Martensiitti on sitä kovempaa mitä suurempi sen hiilipitoisuus on. Martensiitti on hiiliylikyllästeinen, koska hiili ei ehdi sitoutua karbideihin nopean jäähdytyksen aikana, vaan jää liuenneeksi martensiitin hilaan välisija-atomeina.

Martensiittia voi syntyä mekaanisen muokkauksen seurauksena austeniitista metastabiileissa austeniittisissa ruostumattomissa teräksissä (esimerkiksi 17Cr-7Ni-teräs). Esimerkiksi kylmävalssaamalla voidaan austeniittiseen teräkseen saada martensiittia, mikä lujittaa terästä voimakkaasti. Taipumusta martensiitin muodostukseen austeniittisissa ruostumattomissa teräksissä kuvataan Md30-lämpötilan avulla.

Martensiittinen kiderakenne esiintyy teräksen lisäksi useilla muillakin metalliseoksilla. Muistimetallien ominaisuudet perustuvat siihen, että ne voivat palautuvasti muuttua austeniittisesta rakenteesta martensiittiseen ja päinvastoin.

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