Lev Šestov

Lev Šestov

Lev Isaakovich Šestov (ven. Лев Исаа́кович Шесто́в), syntyjään Yehuda Leyb Schwarzmann (Иегуда Лейб Шварцман) (31. tammikuuta 1866 Kiova, Ukraina – 19. marraskuuta 1938 Pariisi, Ranska) oli ukrainalais-venäläinen juutalainen eksistentialistifilosofi.

Šestov sai vaikutteita erityisesti Friedrich Nietzscheltä, Søren Kierkegaardilta, Fjodor Dostojevskilta ja Leo Tolstoilta, joista hän kirjoitti useita teoksia. Teoksissaan hän on käsitellyt muun muassa teologiaa, nihilismiä, rationalismia ja irrationalismia. Šestovilta ovat saaneet vaikutteita muiden muassa D. H. Lawrence, Nikolai Berdjajev, Sergei Bulgakov, Albert Camus, John Middleton Murry, Jules de Gaultier, Lucien Lévy-Bruhl ja Czeslaw Milosz.

Elämä ja ura

Šestov opiskeli lakia ja matematiikkaa Moskovassa ja Kiovassa. Hän ei kuitenkaan voinut väitellä tohtoriksi, koska hänen väitöskirjassaan oli vallankumouksellisia vaikutteita. Vuonna 1898 Šestov tutustui joukkoon intellektuelleja, johon kuuluivat muiden muassa Berdjajev, Sergei Djagilev, Dmitri Merezkovski ja Vasili Rozanov. Hän alkoi kirjoittaa filosofisia teoksia.

Vuonna 1908 Šestov muutti Freiburgiin Saksaan, ja vuonna 1910 Sveitsiin pieneen kylään nimeltä Coppet. Hän palasi Moskovaan vuonna 1915. Vallankumous teki hänen elämästään vaikean, ja bolševikit painostivat häntä lisäämään tuoreeseen teokseensa Potestas Clavium marxilaisten oppien puolustuksen, muuten sitä ei olisi julkaistu. Šestov kieltäytyi tästä, mutta luennoi kuitenkin vallanpitäjien luvalla Kiovan yliopistossa kreikkalaisesta filosofiasta.

Lopulta Šestov kuitenkin muutti Ranskaan vuonna 1921. Ranskassa hän luennoi Sorbonnen yliopistossa, ja tutki muun muassa Blaise Pascalin ja Plotinoksen ajattelua. Vuonna 1926 hän tutustui Edmund Husserliin, ja 1929 hän tapasi Martin Heideggerin. Tuolloin hän sai yllykkeen tutustua Kierkegaardin ajatteluun.

Šestovin pääteoksena voidaan pitää teosta Афины и Иерусалим (”Ateena ja Jerusalem”, 1938), joka käsittelee tieteen ja filosofian suhdetta. Šestov eli Pariisissa kuolemaansa saakka. Loppuaikoinaan hän tutki Husserlin ajattelua ja intialaista filosofiaa.

Teoksia

Lev Šestovin muotokuva, Leonid Pasternak, 1910.
  • Шекспир и его критик Брандес (1898)
  • Добро в учении гр. Толстого и Ницше (1900; englanniksi The Good in the Teaching of Tolstoy and Nietzsche). Suomennos Tolstoin ja Nietschen käsitys hyvästä : Filosofiaa ja saarnaa (niin & näin 2019). Isbn 978-952-7189-45-0
  • Достоевский и Ницше (1903; englanniksi The Philosophy of Tragedy, Dostoevsky and Nietzsche)
  • Апофеоз беспочвенности (1905; englanniksi All Things are Possible (Apotheosis of Groundlessness))
  • Potestas clavium (1915)
  • На весах Иова (1923-29; englanniksi In Job's Balances)
  • Умозрение и апокалипсис (1927)
  • Киргегард и экзистенциальная философия (1933-34; englanniksi Kierkegaard and the Existential Philosophy)
  • Киргегард и Достоевский (1935)
  • Киргегард - религиозный философ (1937)
  • Афины и Иерусалим (1938; englanniksi Athens and Jerusalem)
  • Логика религиозного творчества
  • Николай Бердяев
  • Победы и поражения
  • Похвала глупости
  • Поэзия и проза Федора Сологуба
  • Предпоследние слова
  • Пророческий дар
  • Разрушающий и созидающий миры
  • Творчество из ничего
  • Философия и теория познания
  • Sola fide - только верою

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