Hevosenkenkäteoria

Hevosenkenkäteoria on yhteiskunnallisessa keskustelussa esiintyvä väite, jonka mukaan oikeisto ja vasemmisto eivät ole lineaarisen janan vastakohtia, vaan niiden äärisuuntaukset lähestyvät toisiaan hevosenkengän muotoisessa kaaressa. Teoria ovat suosineet etenkin liberalismin kannattajat, koska sen avulla totalitaariset äärisuuntaukset voidaan esittää yhtenä vihollisena. Eräs teorian esittäjistä on ranskalainen kirjailija Jean-Pierre Faye (s. 1925), jonka mielestä "äärimmäisyydet kohtaavat".[1]

Kritiikki

Georg Reisman pitää sekä kommunismia että natsismia sosialismin erityisinä muotoina.

Monet politiikan tutkijat ovat kritisoineet hevosenkenkäteoriaa[2] ja katsoneet, ettei sen paikkansapitävyyttä ole osoitettu.[3][4][5]

Amerikkalainen taloustieteilijä Georg Reisman katsoo, että sosialismi ja natsismi eivät ole ääripäitä, vaan vastaavat toisiaan siten, että natsismi on sosialismin nationalistinen erityistapaus ("kansallissosialismia").[6][7] Vasemmiston katsotaan painottavan valtion taloudellista, säätelevää ja palveluja tuottavaa roolia, kun taas oikeisto luottaa markkinavoimiin ja haluaa pitää valtion roolin pienenä.[8] Sekä natsit että sosialistit kuitenkin korostavat valtion merkitystä taloudessa. Äärivasemmisto ja äärioikeisto eivät siten olisi toistensa vastakohtia, kuten hevosenkenkäteoria olettaa. [6]

Lähteet

  1. ↑ Frédéric Encel & François Thual: United States-Israel: A friendship that needs to be demystified (Käännös alkuperäisestä lähteestä) Le Figaro/ United for Peace of Pierce County. 13.11.2004. Paris. Arkistoitu 30.9.2007. ”Jean-Pierre Faye's famous horseshoe theory (according to which extremes meet) finds verification here more than in other places, and the two states of delirium often mingle and meet, unfortunately spreading beyond these extremist circles. But contrary to the legend deliberately maintained and/or the commonplace believed in good faith, Israel and the United States have not always been allies; on several occasions their relations have even been strained.” Viitattu 10.3.2021. (englanniksi)
  2. ↑ Đorić, Marija; Filipović, Miroslava: The Left or the Right: Old Paradigms and New Governments. Serbian Political Thought, 2010, 2. vsk, nro 1–2, s. 121–144. Belgrade: Institute of Political Studies in Belgrade. doi:10.22182/spt.2122011.8
  3. ↑ Van Hiel, Alain: A Psycho-Political Profile of Party Activists and Left-Wing and Right-Wing Extremists. European Journal of Political Research, 2012, 51. vsk, nro 2, s. 166–203. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6765.2011.01991.x HDL:1854/LU-2109499 ISSN 1475-6765 Artikkelin verkkoversio.
  4. ↑ Hanel, Paul H. P.; Haddock, Geoffrey; Zarzeczna, Natalia: Sharing the Same Political Ideology Yet Endorsing Different Values: Left- and Right-Wing Political Supporters Are More Heterogeneous Than Moderates. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2019, 10. vsk, nro 7, s. 874–882. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications. doi:10.1177/1948550618803348 ISSN 1948-5506 S2CID:52246707
  5. ↑ Hersh, Eitan; Royden, Laura: Antisemitic Attitudes Across the Ideological Spectrum. Political Research Quarterly, 25 June 2022, 76. vsk, nro 2, s. 697–711. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications on behalf of the University of Utah. doi:10.1177/10659129221111081 ISSN 1065-9129 S2CID:250060659
  6. ↑ a b Reisman, Georg: Why Nazism Was Socialism and Why Socialism Is Totalitarian 10.1.2021. Mises Institute. Viitattu 19.6.2024.
  7. ↑ Reisman, George: Why Nazism Was Socialism and Why Socialism Is Totalitarian Wayback Machine.
  8. ↑ Borg, Sami & Paloheimo, Heikki (toim.): ”Luku 12: Kansanedustaja ideologisella kartalla”, Vaalit yleisödemokratiassa: Eduskuntavaalitutkimus 2007. Tampere: Tampere University Press, 2009. ISBN 978-951-44-7568-9

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