Bodhidharma

Tämä artikkeli kertoo buddhalaisesta mestarista. Samannimisestä yhdistyksestä katso Bodhidharma.
Bodhidharma, puupiirros, tekijänä Yoshitoshi, 1887.

Bodhidharma (sanskritiksi बोधिधर्म; kiin. 菩提達摩, Pútídámó tai vain Dámó; jap. 達磨, Daruma; vietnamiksi Bồ-đề-đạt-ma), tunnetaan myös nimellä Tripitaka Dharma-mestari, oli 28. Intian buddhalaisuuden patriarkka ja ensimmäinen patriarkka Kiinassa. Bodhidharmaa pidetään perinteisesti Shaolin-mytologiassa buddahalaisen chán-koulukunnan perustajana (tunnetaan Japanissa ja länsimaissa nimellä zen). Vaikka joitenkin tarinoiden mukaan häntä pidetään kiinalaisten itsepuolustuslajien Shaolin-koulukunnan perustajana, se on kuitenkin todettu tutkimusten mukaan keksityksi.[1][2]

Elämäkerta

Tiedot Bodhidharman syntymäpaikasta, Kiinaan matkustamisesta, kuolemasta ja muista seikoista vaihtelevat eri lähteissä. Syntymä- ja kuolinpäiviksi on ehdotettu seuraavia välejä: noin 440–528 ja noin 470–543.

Henkinen elämä

Sinisilmäinen keski-aasialainen Buddhalainen munkki, mahdollisesti Bodhidharma, luomassa ”Vitarkaa” mudra (dharman opetukseen ja keskustelun symboli), kohden itämaista munkkioppilasta. Itäisestä Tarimin jokisuistosta, Kiinasta, 800-900-luku.

Perinnetiedon mukaan Bodhidharmalle tärkein sutra oli Lankavatara Sutra, jonka on kehittänyt Buddhalainen Yogacara-koulukunta, joka keskittyy puhtaasti mielen kehitykseen. Koulukunnan perustajat olivat Ghandaralaiset puoliveljet Asanga ja Vasubandhu. Bodhidharma kuvataan Lankavatara Sutran mestariksi ja Zenin muinaishistoriaa Kiinassa käsittelevän kirjan nimi on vapaasti suomennettuna ”Lankavatara Sutran mestarien ja oppilaiden teot” (kiinaksi: Leng-ch'ieh shih-tzu chi). Lankavatara sutran tuominen kiinalaiseen buddhalaisuuteen lasketaan joidenkin lähteiden mukaan Bodhidharman ansioksi.

Bodhidharman lähestymistapa henkiseen elämään suosi intuitiivistä ”buddhamielen” löytämistä jokaisen sisältä meditaation keinoin. Hän suhtautui kieltävästi rituaaleihin, dogmiin, debattiin ja verbaalisiin muodollisuuksiin. Bodhidharman opissa on tärkeä osa henkilökohtaisella valaistumisella ja hän hylkää taivas-lupaukset.

Kuvauksia Bodhidharmasta

Buddhalaisessa taiteessa Bodhidharma kuvataan temperamenttisena, äärettömän parrakkaana ja suurisilmäisenä barbaarina. Kiinalaisissa teksteissä hänet kuvataan "Sinisilmäisenä barbaarina" (藍眼睛的野人 lán yǎnjīngde yěrén).

Chan-teksteissä Bodhidharmaa kuvataan myös 28. chan-patriarkkana Buddhasta suoran ja ei-verbaalisen siirtymän kautta.

Bodhidharma ja hänen oppilaansa

Monien lähteiden mukaan Bodhidharmalla sanottiin olevan kaksi pääasiallista oppilasta, munkit Daoyu ja Huike. Muita Bodhidharman oppilaita ja kuuntelijoita olivat ainakin:

Bodhidharman kirjoittamina pidetyt teokset

  • The Bloodstream Sermon
  • The Breakthrough Sermon
  • The Outline of Practice
  • Two Entrances
  • The Wake-Up Sermon

Lähteet

  1. ↑ Meir Shahar: History, Religion, and the Chinese Martial Arts, s. 197–202. University of Hawai'i Press, 10.1.2008. Teoksen verkkoversio (viitattu 1.2.2023).
  2. ↑ 香港韶光, s. 25–30. The Chinese Uniersity Press, 23.11.2017. Teoksen verkkoversio (viitattu 1.2.2023).

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