Taklamakan

Taklamakan
Gizateriaren Ondare
Datu orokorrak
Motabasamortu
Luzera1.000 km
Zabalera400 km
Azalera337.000 km²
Geografia
Map
Koordenatuak38°54′N 82°12′E / 38.9°N 82.2°E / 38.9; 82.2
Ur-gorputzaYurungkax He (en) Itzuli
Keriya He (en) Itzuli
Qiemo River (en) Itzuli

Taklamakan[1] (txinera sinplifikatuz: 塔克拉玛干沙漠; pinyinez: Tǎkèlāmǎgān Shāmò; dunganeraz: Такәламаган Шамә; uigurreraz: تەكلىماكان قۇملۇقى‎), batzuetan Takla Makan, Erdialdeko Asiako hareazko basamortua da, munduko zabalenetako bat, Txinako Xinjiang lurralde autonomoan dagoena.

Izena

Makan pertsierazko hitza da, "lekua" esan nahi duena. Takla hitzaren esanahia ez da horren argia. Aditu batzuen ustez, uigurrerak harturiko pertsierazko mailegua da, eta "bertan behera utzi, atzean laga" esan nahi du. Beste azalpen baten arabera, turkieratik etor liteke, eta "hondakinen eremua" esan nahiko luke. Herri etimologiaren arabera, berriz, "itzulera gabeko puntua" edo "sartu eta ez zara inoiz irtengo" da esanaia.[2] "Heriotzaren itsasoa" ezizena ere sarritan erabiltzen da[3].

Geografia

Taklamakanek Tarim arro endorreikoaren erdialdea hartzen du. Munduko bigarren hareazko basamorturik handiena da; 337.000 kilometro koadroko azalera, 1.000 kilometroko luzera eta 400 kilometroko zabalera ditu. Duna mugikorrek azaleraren % 85 estaltzen dute.[4]. Hegoaldean Kunlun mendiak ditu, eta mendebaldean eta iparraldean Pamir eta Tian Shan mendilerroak. Mendebaldean eta hegoaldean 1.200-1.500 metroko garaiera du, eta iparraldean eta ekialdean 800-1.000 metrokoa, Lop Nor eremu zingiratsu gazian, hain zuzen ere[4].

Alubioizko materialez osatutako geruzaren gainean hareazko 300 metro inguruko geruza aurkitzen da. Geruza horretan haizeak hainbat egitura topografiko moldatzen ditu, 200-300 metro garai diren duna piramidalak, besteak beste. Kun Lun mendietatik datozen ibaiak desagertu egiten dira basamortuan barna 100-200 kilometro inguru sarturik.[5]

Klima

Himalaia mendikatearen haizebean egonik eta neguan Siberiarik datozen aire masa hotzak iristen direnez, basamortu lehor eta hotza da. Negu aldean -20 °C-ko tenperaturak izan daitezke eta udan aldiz 40 °C-tik gorakoak.[4] Prezipitazioak oso urriak dira, urteroko batazbestekoa 1 cm-koa baino ez da.[3]. Himalaiako izotzen urtzeak elikatzen ditu basamortuaren ertzetan dauden oasiak.

Udan bi aire korrontek topo egiten dute eta zirimola handiak izaten dira. Zirimola horiekk 4.000 metroko altuerara jasotzen dute harea,[4] eta Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako mendebaldeko ertzera ere iritsi izan da harea.

Oasiak

Taklamakan basamortuaren ertzetako erresumak, III. mendean.

Basamortuaren ertzetan oasi ugari daude. Antzina, Zetaren Bidea zeharkatzen zuten karabanek geldialdiak egiten zituzten oasi-hiri horietan. Bi bide zeuden basamortua inguratzeko, iparraldekoa (garrantzitsuena) eta hegoaldekoa:[6].

Azpiegiturak

Azkenaldian, Txinak autopista bat egin du hegoaldeko Hotandik iparraldeko Luntaira.

Erreferentziak

  1. ↑ Euskaltzaindia. (2012-06-29). 171. araua: Asiako toponimia. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2013-02-11).
  2. ↑ The Silk Roads and Eurasian Geography. depts.washington.edu (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-1-27).
  3. ↑ a b (Ingelesez) World, Beautiful. (2018-08-20). «Taklamakan Desert Facts & Information - Beautiful World Travel Guide» Facts & Information - Beautiful World Travel Guide (Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-10-24).
  4. ↑ a b c d (Ingelesez) «Takla Makan Desert. Climate, Animals, & Facts» Encyclopedia Britannica (Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-10-24).
  5. ↑ Lur entziklopedietatik hartua.
  6. ↑ (Ingelesez) Hopkirk, Peter. (2001). The Great Game: On Secret Service in High Asia. Oxford University Press ISBN 9780192802323. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-10-24).

Ikus, gainera

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