Pekingo Opera

Agur nire konkubinari operaren errepresentazio bat, film ezagun baten motiboa.
Aktore bat gorriz, pertsonaia ausart eta leial baten adierazgarri.

Pekingo Opera (txineraz: 京剧 jīngjù edo 京戏 jīngxì) Txinako opera mota klasiko bat da, XIX. mendearen erdialdean hasi zena zabaltzen, eta Qing dinastiaren gortean oso ezaguna egin zena. Txinako kulturaren adierazpen handienetakotzat hartzen da.

2010eko azaroaren 16an, Unescok Pekingo Opera Gizateriaren Kultura Ondatre inmaterial[1] izendatu zuen.

Historia

Pekingo Opera deitzen dioten arren, Anhui eta Hubei probintzietan du jatorria. Elkarrizketa asko bi eskualde horietako dialekto zaharretan egiten dira. Pekingo opera 1790. urtean sortu zela uste da. Antzerki talde batek Qianlong enperadoreari eskaini ziolarik antzezpen bat bere 8. urtebetetzea ospatzeko. Hasiera batean, opera mota hau gortean baino ez zen antzezten, eta ez zen ikuskizun publiko bihurtu geroago arte.

Pertsonaiak

Pekingo operak lau pertsonaia-mota ditu oro har, hiru gizonezko eta bat emakumezkoa:

  • Jing: Borondate indar handia duen gizonezko pertsonaia. Erraz ezagutzen da, beti makillaje gehiegi duelako.
  • Sheng: Hiru aldaera dituen gizonezko pertsonaia: Sheng gerlaria, Sheng gaztea eta Sheng nagusia.
  • Ch’ou: Gizonezko pertsonaia. Obrako bufoia da.
  • Tan: Emakumezkoen pertsonaia. Pertsonaia honek ere hainbat aldaera ditu: Tan nagusia, Tan lorea (neska gazte alaia eta lotsagabea), Tan berdea (emakume gaztea eta zuzentasun handikoa) eta Zaldi eta eztapadun Tan (borroka kaligrafia bezain ondo menderatzen duen emakumea).

Genero kontuak

Rol hauek, baita Tan emakumezkoenak ere, gizonezkoek bakarrik egiten zituzten tradizionalki, eta debekuak ere bazeuden. Hala ere, 19. mende amaieran emakumezko antzezleak ere ikusten hasi ziren, baita gizonezkoen rolean. Emakumezkoentzako debeku ofiziala 1912. urtean amaitu zen, baina 20. mendetik aurrera ere ohiturazkoa izan da gizonezko antzezleak aritzea Tan rol femeninoan[2], batzuk horretan berezituta ere, Agur nire konkubinari filmak erakutsi zuen bezala[3].

Iruditeria

Aktoreek erabiltzen duten jantzien kolorea ere garrantzitsua da roletan. Kolore beltzak izaera ausarta adierazten du; zuriak pertsona gezurti bat irudikatzeko balio du; urdinak pertsonaia hotz eta kalkulatzaile bat adierazten du; eta gorria pertsonaia ausart eta leialetarako erabiltzen da. Urre koloreko eta zilar koloreko koloreak jainkoak irudikatzeko erabiltzen dira.

Pekingo operaren argumentuak askotarikoak dira: gorteko intrigetatik hasi eta balentria militarretaraino. Musikak, keinuek, akrobaziek eta kantuek; guztiek dute garrantzia antzezpenean. Emanaldi batzuek sei ordu ere iraun dezakete.

Erreferentziak

  1. ↑ La acupuntura y la Ópera de Pekín consolidan a China en el primer lugar de la lista de la Unesco. La Vanguardia 17 de noviembre de 2010.[Betiko hautsitako esteka]
  2. ↑ Hui-ling, Chou. (22/1997). «Striking Their Own Poses: The History of Cross-Dressing on the Chinese Stage» TDR (1988-) 41 (2): 130.  doi:10.2307/1146629. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-02-01).
  3. ↑ Fernandez, Luistxo. «Farewell My Concubine (Agur nire konkubinari)» AZpiTituluak.eus (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-02-01).

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