Operoi

Laktosaren operoia: laktosaren ezean, proteina errepresoreak egiturazko geneen (z, y eta a ) transkripzioa galarazten du. Laktosarekin, aldiz, azukreak induktore gisa jarduten du eta proteina errepresorea indargabetzen du (egiturazko geneek proteinak kodetuko dituzte).

Operoia bide metaboliko batean parte hartzen duten entzimen ekoizpenaz arduratzen den gene multzoa da. Operoiaren geneak batera transkribatzen dira.

Operoia hainbat gene desberdinaz osatua egon arren, unitate baten gisa funtzionatzen du.

Operoi batek hainbat elementu ditu:

  • gene erregulatzailea (I): proteina errepresore baten sintesia kodetzen duena. Kromosoman aldenduta dago beste geneetatik.
  • gene operadorea (O): egiturazko geneetatik hurbilen dagoena, eta hauen jarduera baldintzatzen duena. Proteina errepresorea bertan finkatzen bada, egiturazko geneak ez dira transkribatzen.
  • egiturazko geneak: proteinak kodetzen dituztenak. Gene hauen jarduera aurrekoen kontrolpean dago. Bakterioek egiturazko gene batzuk dituzte, baina eukariotoek bakarra ohi dute.
  • proteina errepresorea: gene erregulatzaileak sortutakoa. Gene operatzaileari finkatzen zaionean bere espresioa inhibitzen du, eta egiturazko geneak ez dira transkribatzen.
  • molekula induktorea: proteina errepresorearekin lotzen den molekula, proteina hori indargabetuz edo aktibatuz (lehenengo kasuan egiturazko geneak transkribatzen dira, eta bigarrengoan ez)

Operoiaren funtzionamendua

Gene operadoreak egiturazko geneen jarduera kontrolatzen du: hauekin lotuta dagoenean, egiturazko geneak transkribatzen dira (proteinak sortuko dituen ARN-m molekula ekoizten dute). Aitzitik, loturarik ez dagoenean ez da ARN-m sortzen eta proteinak ez dira eratzen. Lotura hori gene erregulatzaileak sintetizatzen duen proteina errepresorearen menpe dago.

Proteina errepresorearen jarduera, aldi berean, inguruneko metabolitoek kontrolatzen dute. Metabolito edo molekula induktore horiek proteina errepresorearekin konbinatzen direnean bi efektu gara dezakete: proteina errepresorearen indargabetzea (bide katabolikoetan jarduten duten operoiekin) ala proteina horren suspertzea (bide anabolikoetan jarduten dute operoiekin).

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