Neurotoxina

Neurotoxina nerbio-sistema kaltetzeko gai den substantzia orori deritzo, norbanakoa bereo egoera homeostatikotik aldenduz eta bere bizitza arriskuan jarriz. Kalte horiek fisiologikoak, morfologikoak edo portaera aldarazten dutenak izan daitezke.

Animalia, landare eta izaera inorganikodun jatorriko neurotoxinak daude. Eta euren eragina dosiaren eta esposizio bidearen araberakoa izango da, denbora baterakoak, iraunkorrak are heriotza eragin artekoak izan daitezke.

Bakterio ugari daude neurotoxinak sortzeko gai direnak. Adibidez, Clostridium tetani bakterioak sortzen duena, motoneurona efektoreen hartzaile sinaptikoetara lotzeko gai da, neuronetan despolarizazio bat eraginez, izaera konbultsiboko gihar uzkurdurak eragiten dituztenak. Gaixotasun hau tetanos bezala ezagutzen da. Gaixotasun hau eragozteko modu bat tetanosaren aurkako toxoide edo txerto bat ematea da, neurotoxinaren aurka immunitate-sistemaren erantzun bat eragingo duena.

Elapidae familiako sugeek (kobrak, koral sugeak, manbak eta itsas sugeak) nagusiki neurotoxikoa den pozoia ziztatzen dute eta gizakiarentzat hilgarria izan daitekeena.

Kalte neuronalak honako hauek izan daitezke:

  • Neurotransmisore natural bezala aritzea: adibidez azetilkolina bere eraginetan organofosforatuek imitatzen dute, Malationak, Tikroflonak eta beste batzuk adibidez.
  • Metabolismoaren zatiren bat funtzionatu gabe uztea: adibidez Amitrazak, albaitaritzako antiparasitario bezala erabilia, monoaminooxidasa edo MAO izeneko katekolaminen entzima katabolikoaren funtzionamendua inhibitzen duena.
  • Neurotransmisoreren baten askapen anormala eragiten dutenak: adibidez ivermektina, antiparasitario bat dena, dosi handietan azido γ-aminobutiriko edo GABAren gehiegizko askapena eragiten duen neurotoxina bat da.
  • Neurotransmisoreentzako hartzaileen blokeaketa: hartzaile horietara finkatzean transmisore naturalei ez diete funtzionatzen uzten.

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