Mielina

Mielina

Mielina axoiaren inguruko estaldura babeslea (mielina geruza) eratzen duen substantzia dielektrikoa (isolatzaile elektrikoa) da. Mielina geruzak nerbio-bulkadak modu egokian hedatzea eragiten du. Rudolf Virchowek 1854an deskribatu zuen aurrenekoz.

Lipido fosforodunez (%70-85) eta proteinez (%15-30) osaturik dago. Lipido nagusiak zerebrosidoa (glukolipido mota bat) eta esfingomielina dira. Azken hau esfingolipido mota bat da, osagai hauek dituena: alkohol bat -esfingosina-, gantz-azido bat, fosfatoa eta kolina.

Mielina, berez, kolore zurikoa izaten da. Horregatik, mielinizaturiko zatiari materia zuria esaten zaio. Neuronen gorputz ez mielinizatuari, berriz, materia grisa esaten zaio, kolore hori baitu. Axoiaren zati batzuk, Ranvierren nodoak deituak, mielinizatu gabe daude. Nerbio-sistema periferikoan mielina geruza Schwannen zelulek sortzen dute. Zelula hauen mintzean dago mielina hori. Nerbio-sistema zentralean, berriz, mielinaren sortzaileak oligodendrozitoak dira, gliaren beste zelula batzuk.

Mielinaren gutxitzeak, edo deuseztatzeak, hainbat gaixotasun ezberdin ekar ditzake. Horien artean, ezagunena, beharbada, esklerosi anizkoitza izango litzateke.

Ikus, gainera

Kanpo estekak

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