Nukliid

Nukliid on aatomi tüüp, mida iseloomustab tema tuuma koostis. Seega määrab konkreetse nukliidi ära tema prootonite arv, neutronite arv ja tuumas sisalduv energia.

Sama keemilise elemendi erinevaid nukliide kutsutakse isotoopideks. Neil on sama prootonite arv tuumas, kuid erineb neutronite arv. Enne termini nukliid kasutusele võtmist aastal 1950 kasutati sõna "isotoop" viitamaks erinevate koostisosadega aatomituumadele (s.o. peaaegu samas kontekstis praeguse nukliidi mõistega).

Nukliidid, mille aatommass on sama, kuid mille aatomnumber (prootonite arv) on erinev, kutsutakse isobaarideks (isobaar = võrdse kaaluga). Isotoonideks nimetatakse nukliide, mille neutronite arv on sama, kuid prootonite arv erineb.

Tuuma isomeerideks on konkreetse nukliidi aatomituumad, milles on sama palju prootoneid ja neutroneid, kuid mis erinevad energiasisalduse poolest ja on piisavalt pika elueaga (metastabiilsed). Näiteks 9943Tc omab kahte isomeeri, millest ergastatud olekus isomeeri eluiga on 6 tundi enne kui ta naaseb põhiolekusse kiirates gammakvandi.

Nimetus Kirjeldus Näide Märkus
Isotoobid võrdne arv prootoneid 126C, 146C
Isotoonid võrdne arv neutroneid 136C, 147N
Isobaarid sama aatommass 177N, 178O, 179F vt. ka beetalagunemine
Peegeltuumad neutronite ja prootonite arv vahetatud 31T, 32He
tuuma isomeerid erinevad energiatasemed 9943Tc stabiilne või metastabiilne

Ebastabiilsed nukliidid on radioaktiivsed ja neid kutsutakse radionukliidideks. Looduses eksisteerib umbes 270 stabiilset ja 70 ebastabiilset nukliidi. On olemas kolm põhilist radionukliidi tüüpi. Esiteks sellised, mille poolestusaeg on vähemalt 10% Maa elueast (4,6×109 aastat). Need on jäänused tuumasünteesist, mis toimus tähtedes enne päikesesüsteemi sündi. Näiteks uraan-238 poolestusajaga 4,5×109 aastat esineb looduses 138 korda rohkem kui tema lühema elueaga isotoop uraan-235 (poolestusaeg 0,7 ×109 aastat). Teise grupi radionukliide moodustavad isotoobid nagu raadium-226 (poolestusaeg 1602 aastat), mis moodustuvad uraani või tooriumi lagunemise reas. Kolmas liik radionukliide (näiteks süsinik-14) tekib aatomituumade pommitamisel kosmiliste kiirtega. Lisaks looduses eksisteerivatele nukliididele on üle 1000 nukliidi loodud kunstlikult.

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