Aatomituum

Aatomituum on aatomi väga väike ja tihe keskosa, kuhu on koondunud põhiline osa aatomi massist. Aatomituum koosneb nukleonidest – positiivse laenguga prootonitest ja laenguta neutronitest. Tuumas olevaid nukleone hoiab koos tugev vastastikmõju. Tuuma ümbritseb Coulomb'i barjäär.

Tuuma läbimõõt on suurusjärgus 10–15 m. Näiteks vesiniku aatomituuma (koosneb ühestainsast prootonist) läbimõõt on umbes 1,75 fm ja uraani aatomituuma (koosneb 238 nukleonist) läbimõõt on umbes 15 fm. Aatomi elektronkatte läbimõõt on tuuma läbimõõdust umbes 100 000 korda suurem. Kui aatomit mõtteliselt suurendada nii, et aatomituum saaks nööpnõelapea suuruseks, siis oleks aatom umbes staadioni suurune.

Prootonite arv tuumas määrab ära, millise keemilise elemendiga on tegemist. Sellele lisanduv neutronite arv tuumas määrab ära, millise konkreetse isotoobiga on tegemist. Sama prootonite arvuga, kuid erineva neutronite arvuga aatomid on sama keemilise elemendi erinevad isotoobid.

Et neutron ja prooton on praktiliselt võrdse massiga, siis neutronite ja prootonite arv tuumas määrab ära aatommassi. Kuna elektronid on võrreldes nukleonidega ülikerged (peaaegu 2000 korda kergemad), siis elektronide mass aatomi massi praktiliselt ei mõjuta.

Kui aatomituumas on prootoneid ja neutroneid paarisarv, siis sellise tuuma summaarne spinn on 0. Kui tuumas on paaritu arv prootoneid või neutroneid, siis sellise tuuma spinn on poolarvuline (1/2, 3/2, jne). Kui tuumas on mõlemaid tuumaosakesi paaritu arv, siis on tuuma spinn täisarvuline (1, 2, jne.). Tuuma spinni kasutatakse ära tuumamagnetresonantsspektroskoopias. Kui tuuma spinn on võrdne 1-ga või sellest suurem, siis sellise tuuma elektriväli pole enam isotroopne ja selline tuum omab lisaks veel kvadrupoolmomenti. Seda rakendatakse tuumakvadrupoolresonantsspektroskoopias.

Esimest korda pakkus praegu kasutusel oleva aatomimudeli välja Uus-Meremaa päritolu füüsik Ernest Rutherford 1912. aastal.

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