Metsamajandus

Metsamajandus on metsanduse haru, mis tegeleb metsade majandamisega: metsa uuendamise, kasvatamise, kasutamise ja kaitsega.[1]

Põhilised metsauuenduse võtted on uuendusraie ning sellele järgnev metsaistutus või -külv, aga ka looduslikule uuendusele kaasaaitamine (seemnepuude allesjätmine, maapinna mineraliseerimine, metsa majandamise eeskirjas sätestatust väiksema algtihedusega metsa külvamine või istutamine)[2] ja metsakultuuri hooldamine (noorte puude ümbert rohttaimestiku niitmine, kitkumine, mahatallamine või keemiline tõrje, ning valgustusraie ehk konkureerivate puu- ja põõsaliikide eemaldamine ja liiga tihedate puugruppide harvendamine, mõningal määral kasutatakse istutusjärgsetel põuastel suvedel ka kastmist), mujal maailmas kasutatakse mõningate puuliikide puhul uuenemist soodustava abinõuna ka langi ülepõletamist.

Metsa kasvatamise peamisteks võteteks on noorendike hooldamine, metsamaaparandus (mulla toiteainete-, happesuse- ja niiskusrežiimi parandamine, metsateede ehitamine jms), harvendus- ja sanitaarraied ning kasvavate puude laasimine. Eestis on keelatud metsa väetamine mineraalväetistega.

Metsa kasutamine on puiduvarumine, vaigutamine, dekoratiivmaterjali (sh urvad, samblikud, samblad, metsalilled, jõulukuused, suvistekased), ravimtaimede, luua- ja vihaokste, punutisevitste, puukoore (sh korgi, kasetohu, niine jt), okaste, kase- ja vahtramahla varumine, seente, marjade, puuviljade, pähklite, seemnete, tõrude ja käbide korjamine, metsa kasutamine looduskaitseks, riigikaitseks, jahinduseks, teadus- ja õppetööks, rekreatsiooniks (sh sportimine, loodusfotograafia, vaba aja veetmine jne), kahjulike mõjude leevendamiseks (müra, heitgaaside, haisu, valgusreostuse, erosiooni, maalihete, tugevate tuulte jne tõkestamiseks), loomade karjatamiseks, mesinduseks (sh metsmesinduseks) ja religioosseks tegevuseks.

Metsakaitse hõlmab tegevusi võitluseks metsi kahjustavate teguritega (haigused, putukkahjurid, ulukite rüüsted, metsatulekahjud, üleujutused, liigne rekreatiivne koormus, keskkonna saastatus (happevihmad, kohati ka leeliselised pinnaveed jne). Järjest rohkem peab metsakaitse otsima abinõusid ka prahistamise, geneetiline vaesumise, ebasoovitavate geenidega saastumise ja invasiivsete võõrliikide sissetungi vastu.

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