Amudarja

Amudarja jõgikond

Amudarja (tadžiki Омударё või дарёи Ому, pärsia آمودریا Âmudaryâ, usbeki Amudaryo, türkmeeni Amyderýa; antiikmaailmas tuntud kui Ōxus ladina keeles ja Ὦξος Oxos kreeka keeles, mis on tuletised selle jõe indoiraani nimest Vaksu, praegusel kujul Vahš) on jõgi Kesk-Aasias.

Amudarja pikkus on 2620 km, teistel andmetel 2540 või 2435 km; Pandži ja Vahši jõe ühinemiskohast, kustmaalt jõge Amudarjaks nimetatakse, 1415 km. Jõgikond hõlmab 465 tuhat km².

Algab Afganistanis Hindukuši mäestikus 4900 m kõrgusel, voolab algul läände, läbib Pamiiri mäestiku. Piki jõge kulgeb Tadžikistani (varem NSV Liidu) ja Afganistani piir. Alamjooksul voolab loodesse 1200 km ulatuses läbi kõrbe enam-vähem Türkmenistani ja Usbekistani piiril, vasakule kaldale jääb Karakumi, paremale Kõzõlkumi kõrb. Vee hulk väheneb tunduvalt niisutussüsteemide, aurumise ja liiva imbumise tõttu ja praegu kuivab Amudarja juba enne Araali järve riismeteni jõudmist. Varem moodustas jõgi suudmes delta, enamus harusid pöördus põhja poole ja voolas Araali järve, osa aga suundus läände, Sarõkamõši nõo suunas.

Araali järve jäänused 2008. aasta oktoobris. NASA satelliidifoto

Amudarja toitub liustiku- ja lumesulaveest, suurimad lisajõed on Bartang, Jazgulem ja Vahš. Suurvesi on kevadel ja suvel. Jääkate on ainult deltas, 2–2,5 kuud aastas. Laevaühendus on alamjooksul Türkmenabatini, korrapäratult Termezini.

Amudarja vett kasutavad Karakumi kanal ja Tahhiataši hüdroelektrijaam.

Amudarja on mudane, ta uhub tugevasti oma kaldaid ja vahetab tihti sängi. Eelajaloolisel ajal suubus ta Kaspia merre (toonase jõesängi jäänuk on Uzboi). On arvatud, et Karakumi kõrb tekkis Amudarja sagedase sängimuutuse tulemusena.

Amudarja vett kasutati aastakümneid põldude niisutamiseks ja monokultuurse puuvilla kasvatamiseks kogu Nõukogude Liidu tarbeks, mistõttu sooldus palju maad ning Araali järv on kokku kuivamas. Vee ülemäärase kasutamise tagajärjel on suuruselt neljas järv maailmas tänaseks kahanenud peaaegu olematuks.

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