Elecciones legislativas de Rusia de 1921

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Elecciones legislativas de Rusia de 1921
Fecha primavera de 1921
Tipo Legislativa
Lugar Bandera de la República Socialista Federativa Soviética de Rusia RSFS de Rusia

Las elecciones para el IX Congreso Panruso de los Sóviets se celebraron en la República Socialista Federativa Soviética de Rusia en la primavera de 1921 (no confundir con el X Congreso del Partido Comunista Ruso (bolchevique)). Fueron las segundas elecciones en la historia del gobierno soviético, la primera de este tipo en 1919, también para el Congreso Panruso de los Sóviets, sin incluir la del Sóviet de Petrogrado en 1917, antes de la última etapa de la Revolución rusa.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]​ Ese año hubo cierta tensión debido a la revuelta de los marineros en la rebelión de Kronstadt, las acciones de la oposición obrera y los monárquicos, el reciente fracaso de un "levantamiento comunista" en Alemania (la llamada Acción de marzo), todo mientras continuaba la feroz guerra civil rusa. sin cesar.[11][12][13][14]

A medida que las elecciones reconfiguraban el Partido Bolchevique, más tarde llamado Partido Comunista de la Unión Soviética, el gobierno soviético se sintió presionado a tomar medidas, por lo que intentó acoger las inversiones extranjeras con acuerdos de cooperación con Reino Unido, Persia y Afganistán, nacionalización de mezquitas en Crimea y comenzó a implementar la Nueva Política Económica o NPE.[15][16][17][18]​ Si bien los esfuerzos de política exterior de la Rusia soviética condujeron a un mayor reconocimiento internacional, otros esfuerzos fracasaron. Al año siguiente, se formaría la Unión Soviética con el Tratado de Creación de la URSS y el Congreso de los Sóviets de la Unión Soviética serviría como legislatura unicameral para todo el Estado soviético, cargo que ocuparía hasta 1938 cuando el Sóviet Supremo de la RSFS de Rusia se crearía.

Conducta

Algunos[¿quién?] consideraron que las elecciones eran "semilibres", porque los candidatos no bolcheviques podían presentarse a cargos públicos.[19][20][21][22][23]

Referencias

  1. Sheila Fitzpatrick, Education and Social Mobility in the Soviet Union 1921-1934, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979, p. 31, 88, 128, 132, 193.
  2. The village and volost Soviet elections of 1919.
  3. Nikolai Bukharin of the Russian People's Commissary, "Soviets or Parliament," 1919.
  4. Amadeo Bordiga, The System of Communist Representation, May 1919.
  5. Mary McAuley, Bread and Justice: State and Society in Petrograd 1917-1922.
  6. USSR: Communist Party: 1917-1919.
  7. Joseph Stalin, "Results of the Petrograd Municipal Elections," June 15, 1917.
  8. The New York Times, "END OF THE SOVIET UNION; Gorbachev's Six Tumultuous Years at Soviet Helm," December 26, 1991.
  9. Rasma Karklins, "Soviet Elections Revisited: Voter Abstention in Noncompetitive Voting."
  10. Jonathan Smele,The Russian Revolution and Civil War 1917-1921: An Annotated Bibliography, London: Continuum, 2003, p. 143, 155, 378, 391, 428, 518.
  11. Fitzpatrick, Sheila. 1999. Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 23.
  12. Voline, The Unknown Revolution, 1917-1921, New York: Black Rose Books, 1990, p. 481.
  13. Martin Mccauley, The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union, New York: Routledge, 2013, reprint, p. 52-53, 58, 60, 62, 64, 88-90, 91, 118, 123, 131, 482, 484, 488.
  14. The Russian Revolution and the Soviet State 1917–1921: Documents, ed. Martin McCauley, London: MacMillan Press, 1980, reprint, p. xxii, xxx, 13, 19, 21, 63, 66, 68, 113, 116, 179, 311.
  15. L.S. Srivastava and V.P. Joshi, "International Relations: From 1914 to the Present Day", India: Goel Publishing House, 2005, Ninth Edition, p. 148.
  16. Martin Mccauley, The Soviet Union 1917-1991, New York: Routledge, 1993, Second Edition, p. 40.
  17. Islamic Education in the Soviet Union and Its Successor States, ed. Michael Kemper, Raoul Motika, and Stefan Reichmuth, New York: Routledge, 2010, p. 80.
  18. Simon Pirani, The Russian Revolution in Retreat, 1920–24: Soviet Workers and the New Communist Elite, New York: Routledge, 2008, p. 8
  19. Allan Todd, History for the IB Diploma Paper 3: The Soviet Union and Post-Soviet Russia (1924-2000), Second Edition, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2016, p. 220.
  20. Allan Todd, History for the IB Diploma: Communism in Crisis 1976-89, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2012, p. 100
  21. Guide to the Boris I. Nicolaevsky Collection in the Hoover Institution Archives Part I, compiled by Anna M. Bourguina and Michael Jakobson, Stanford University: Hoover Institution, 1989, p. 7, 9, 14.
  22. Simon Pirani, The Russian Revolution in Retreat, 1920–24: Soviet Workers and the New Communist Elite, New York: Routledge, 2008, p. 8, 40, 51, 69, 85-86, 93, 96-102, 119.
  23. A Dream Deferred: New Studies in Russian and Soviet Labour History, ed. Donald A. Filtzer, Wendy Z. Goldman, Gijs Kessler, and Simon Pirani, Bern: Peter Lang, 2008, p. 96, 115-116, 488.

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