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Zabid

زَبِيد
Zabid زَبِيد
Town
	Clockwise from top: Citadel ; Zabid skyline, Al-Iskanderiya or Citadel Mosque, Administration building within the citadel, architecture pattern, historic town
	Zabid Location in Yemen
	Coordinates: 14°12′N 43°19′E / 14.200°N 43.317°E
Country	Yemen
Governorate	Al Hudaydah Governorate
District	Zabid
Time zone	UTC+3 (Yemen Standard Time)
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Official name	Historic Town of Zabid
Criteria	Cultural: (ii), (iv), (vi)
Reference	611
Inscription	1993 (17th Session)
Endangered	2000–...

Zabid (Arabic: زَبِيد) (also spelled Zabīd, Zabeed and Zebid) is a town with an urban population of around 52,590 people, located on Yemen's western coastal plain. It is one of the oldest towns in Yemen, and has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1993. However, in 2000, the site was placed on the List of World Heritage in Danger. The town was the capital of several ruling dynasties in Yemen over many centuries.

History

The town is one of the oldest in Yemen. It was originally a village known as al-Husayb that was inhabited by the Asha'ir tribe.^[1] It later took on the name of the Wadi Zabid, the valley to its south.^[1] According to tradition, the town's early history is associated with Abu Musa al-Ash'ari, one of the companions of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, who is said to have built the al-Asha'ir Mosque as the fifth mosque in the history of Islam.^[2]

The present town was created circa 820 by Muhammad ibn Abdallah ibn Ziyad, the founder of the Ziyadid dynasty, who had been sent by the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun to suppress a rebellion of the Asha'ir and Akk tribes.^[1]^[3] It became the capital of the Ziyadids (up to 1016) and continued to serve this role under their successors, the Najahid dynasty (from 1022 to 1158) and the Mahdids (1158 to 1174).^[1] During this time the city grew in importance. Its mosques, including the al-Asha'ir Mosque and the Great Mosque, became centers of Islamic learning.^[1] Its location on the road between Mecca and Aden also granted the city economic prosperity.^[1]

In 1067, during the pilgrimage to Mecca, the Banu Najah clan under Sa'id Ibn Najah, the prince of Zabid, attacked the travel party of the Sulayhid sultan, Ali al-Sulayhi, and his wife Asma bint Shihab. They killed Ali and took Asma prisoner. She was sequestered in a secret prison in Zabid, and the severed head of her spouse was reportedly planted on a pole visible from her cell.^[4] After a year's imprisonment, she managed to get a message through to her son and daughter-in-law in Sanaa, and her son stormed Zabid and freed her.

Ali ibn Mahdi, a native of the Yemeni highlands, founded the Mahdid dynasty in the Tihama region. Al-Himyari and his followers burned down several districts north of Zabid. He had sworn to put the Abyssinians into slavery and ordered his men to kill everyone, including the handicapped.^[5] Out of desperation, the people of Zabid sought assistance from the Zaydi imam Ahmed ibn Sulayman against al-Himyari. The Zaydi imam ordered Fatiq III to be executed on account of his alleged homosexuality. Fatiq III was either killed by the Imam, the Mahdids, or his own soldiers. With this event, the slave dynasty came an end and the Mahdids took over Zabid in 1158.

After the Ayyubids took control of Yemen in 1174, Zabid continued to be the economic and political center of the region.^[1] Under the Rasulid dynasty (1229–1454), the official capital was moved to Ta'izz but the rulers continued to use Zabid as a winter residence. The city reached its apogee during this period and had a larger number of palaces, gardens, and religious institutions than any other city in Yemen.^[1] Al-Khazraji, a local 14th-century Arab writer, claimed that the city counted between 230 and 240 mosques.^[1] Even today, the city reportedly has the highest concentration of mosques in Yemen.^[6]

Hadım Suleiman Pasha extended the Ottoman Empire's authority to include Zabid in 1539.^[7] Zabid became the administrative headquarters of Yemen Eyalet.^[7]

Today, however, Zabid is at the intellectual and economic margins of modern Yemen.^[8] Muhammad Abdul-Wali's novel Sana'a: An Open City tells the story of a young man who traveled to Zabid in the mid-20th century and was surprised to find the town had become a backwater.

Geography

Zabid has an urban population of around 52,590 persons. It is located on Yemen's western coastal plain, in the Tihama region.^[9]

World Heritage Site

Zabid was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1993.^[10] Zabid's Great Mosque occupies a prominent place in the town. The vestiges of its university can also be visited. In 2000, Zabid was listed on the List of World Heritage in Danger; the listing was made at the behest of the Yemeni government due to a state of poor upkeep and conservation. According to a UNESCO report, roughly "40% of the city's houses have been replaced by concrete buildings, and other houses and the ancient souk are in a deteriorating state.^[11]^[12] The ongoing Yemeni civil war also poses a threat to Zabid's heritage. Some historic homes were damaged by coalition bombing in 2015.^[13] Further concerns were raised in 2018 as fighting drew near to the city.^[14]^[13]

Economy

As of 1920, Zabid was one of two places in Arabia growing indigo. Zabid also grows and produces cotton.^[15] The British cite tribal disputes as dampening the economy in Zabid during the early 20th century.^[16]

Gallery

House and street in historic Zabid
Houses in historic Zabid
Al-Asha'ir Mosque, built by the late Ziyadid ruler al-Husayn ibn Salamah (r. 983–1012)^[17]
Al-Duwaydar Mosque, built in 1323 by a scholar or Rasulid official^[17]^[18]
Al-Iskandariya Mosque or Citadel Mosque, attributed to Iskandar Mawz (r. 1531–1536),^[17] but possibly older^[19]
Al-Kamiliya Mosque

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Sadek, Noha (2002). "Zabīd". In Bearman, P. J.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. & Heinrichs, W. P. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume XI: W–Z. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 370–371. ISBN 978-90-04-12756-2.
^ "Historic Town of Zabid". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2024-01-09.
^ Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). "Zabid". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195309911.
^ Mernissi, Fatima; Mary Jo Lakeland (2003). The Forgotten Queens of Islam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-579868-5.
^ Henry Cassels Kay (1999). Yaman its early medieval history. Adegi Graphics LLC. p. 127. ISBN 1421264641.
^ "War 'at the gates' of Zabid UNESCO World Heritage". Al Jazeera. 6 March 2018. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
^ ^a ^b Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Nahrawālī (2002). Lightning Over Yemen: A History of the Ottoman Campaign in Yemen, 1569–71 [البرق اليماني في الفتح العثماني] (in Arabic). OI.B.Tauris. p. 88. ISBN 1860648363.
^ Eickelman, Dale F. "The Middle East and Central Asia." (Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River: 2002)
^ population of Zabid
^ "Decision : CONF 002 XI Inscription: Historic Town of Zabid (Yemen)". unesco.org. 1993.
^ UNESCO World Heritage Site in Danger 2000: Historic Town of Zabid
^ Ahmad al-Aghbari and Mohammad al-Ulofi (February 15, 2009). "Is Yemen Able to Keep Zabid Listed in World Heritage?". Saba News.
^ ^a ^b Fenton-Harvey, Jonathan (2018-03-06). "Yemen War Erodes the Country's Architectural Heritage". The Globe Post. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
^ "War 'at the gates' of Zabid UNESCO World Heritage". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
^ Prothero, G.W. (1920). Arabia. London: H.M. Stationery Office. p. 85.
^ Prothero, G.W. (1920). Arabia. London: H.M. Stationery Office. p. 103.
^ ^a ^b ^c Sadek, Noha (1998). "The mosques of Zabīd, Yemen: a preliminary report". Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies. 28: 239–245. ISSN 0308-8421.
^ Fletcher, Margaret; Polley, Robbie (2021). Architectural Styles: A Visual Guide. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-21378-1.
^ Keall, E. J. (1984). "A Preliminary Report on the Architecture of Zabīd". Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies. 14: 51–65. ISSN 0308-8421.