World War II monuments and memorials in the Philippines

Capas National Shrine in Capas, Tarlac

The Philippines being one of the major theaters of World War II, has commissioned a number of monuments, cemeteries memorials, preserved relics, and established private and public museums, as well as National Shrines, to commemorate battles and events during the invasion, occupation, and liberation of the country. The United States and Japan also has established a number of memorials in the country.

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The National Historical Commission provides national level oversight for national shrines. However, there are local and private initiatives to commemorate battles, massacres, and local heroes.[1]

The events of World War II has forged a national identity for the country, as well as established traditions for the Philippine military.[2][3]

Background

Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Philippines being a commonwealth colony of the United States of America, was attacked by Japan on December 8, 1941. The attack was followed with landings made by the Imperial Japanese Army's 14th Area Army under Gen. Masaharu Homma in northern Luzon, Lingayen Gulf, and Davao.[4] Gen. Douglas MacArthur lead the United States Army Forces in the Far East (USAFFE) which absorbed the Philippine Army. While the rest of Southeast Asia capitulated to the Imperial Japanese Army's southern advance, American and Filipino forces withdrew to Bataan peninsula and Corregidor Island and held out for the next few months. Gen. MacArthur and Pres. Manuel L. Quezon was later directed by Washington to escape to Australia, where the former were to lead the American forces in the Southwest Pacific, and the latter to establish a government-in-exile in the United States.[5]

Japanese troops guard American and Filipino POWs in Bataan.

Due to the lack of reinforcement and supplies, and continuous Japanese onslaught, the USAFFE in Bataan under Gen. Edward King surrendered on April 9, 1942, which saw the largest surrender of American forces on foreign soil and lead to the infamous Bataan Death March where more than 16,000 of the 80,0000 American and Filipino POWs died. This was followed by Gen. Jonathan Wainwright's surrender of Corregidor on May 6, 1942, completing the occupation of Japan over the Philippines.[4]

The POWs were then incarcerated in the Camp O'Donnell, where the IJA was ill-prepared to handle the numbers. The lack of supplies and basic needs has brought to 400 deaths per day among the POWs.[4]

For the next 3.5 years, the Philippines came under Japan's Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. While there were a number of leaders who collaborated with the Japanese authorities, some opted to resist through guerrilla warfare. The Filipino and American guerrillas provided critical intelligence to Gen. MacArthur's headquarters, and harassed Japanese forces during their occupation.[6] The Filipino general public meanwhile suffered under oppressive Japanese retaliations, aside from the economic hardship brought about by the war.[7]

Return of Gen. Douglas MacArthur during the Leyte Landings.

Gen. MacArthur returned to the Philippines on October 24, 1944, with the largest amphibious operation in the Pacific Theater in Leyte Island. This was followed by the invasion of Mindoro on December for the establishment of air bases for Gen. George Kenney's Far East Air Force to cover the invasion of Luzon in January 1945. In the next few weeks, Gen. MacArthur's Sixth and Eighth Army moved from Lingayen and Batangas on a pincer move towards the capital, culminating in the Battle of Manila. In the next few months, the rest of the Philippines was liberated by both armies in successive battles.[8]

After the surrender of Japan in September 1945, the American forces began establishing cemeteries around the country to commemorate the fallen American and Filipino troops, as well as civilians. When the Philippines gained independence on July 4, 1946, the country continued with the establishment of memorials, monuments, and commemoration of events during World War II.[9][10]

National Shrines

Name Category Location Established Remarks Coordinates Image
Mount Samat National Shrine National Shrine Pilar, Bataan 1970 To commemorate the valor of American and Filipino troops in Bataan, and the eventual surrender on April 9, 1944. Primary location of the celebration of Philippine Day of Valor or Araw ng Kagitingan. 14°36′20.80″N 120°30′32.17″E / 14.6057778°N 120.5089361°E / 14.6057778; 120.5089361 (Mount Samat National Shrine)

Pacific War Memorial[11] National Shrine Corregidor, Cavite 1968 To commemorate the American and Filipino forces who lost their lives during World War II. 14°22′52″N 120°34′34″E / 14.3812°N 120.5760°E / 14.3812; 120.5760 (Pacific War Memorial)

Capas National Shrine National Shrine Capas, Tarlac 1991 To commemorate the suffering of American and Filipino POWs interred in the Japanese concentration camps.[12] 15°20′56″N 120°32′43″E / 15.34891°N 120.545246°E / 15.34891; 120.545246 (Capas National Shrine)

Manila American Cemetery Cemetery Fort Bonifacio, Metro Manila 1948 Cemetery for 17,206 American and Filipino military personnel from WWII. 14°32′28″N 121°03′00″E / 14.541°N 121.050°E / 14.541; 121.050 (Manila American Cemetery)

Libingan ng mga Bayani Cemetery Fort Bonifacio, Metro Manila 1947 Cemetery for 58,780 Filipino military personnel and veterans from WWII, Korean War, Vietnam War and local insurgencies. 14°31′12″N 121°02′38″E / 14.520°N 121.044°E / 14.520; 121.044 (Libingan ng mga Bayani)

Dalton Pass National Shrine National Shrine Santa Fe, Nueva Vizcaya Date Location of the Battle of Balete Pass or Dalton Pass, where Japanese and American forces fought in March 1945. 16°07′59″N 120°55′48″E / 16.1331°N 120.9301°E / 16.1331; 120.9301 (Dalton Pass National Shrine)

Kiangan National Shrine National Shrine Kiangan, Ifugao Date Location where World War II ended in the Philippines during the surrender of Gen. Tomoyuki Yamashita. 16°46′45″N 121°04′53″E / 16.7793°N 121.0814°E / 16.7793; 121.0814 (Kiangan National Shrine)

Museums

Name Category Location Established Remarks Coordinates Image
Mount Samat WWII Museum Public Museum Pilar, Bataan 1970 Displays relics, static displays, and accounts of the Battle of Bataan. 14°36′20.80″N 120°30′32.17″E / 14.6057778°N 120.5089361°E / 14.6057778; 120.5089361 (Mount Samat WWII Museum)

Corregidor Museum & Tour Public Museum Corregidor, Cavite The whole island has been turned into a museum and tour site, with visits to gun batteries, shrines, markers, and museums. 14°22′52″N 120°34′34″E / 14.3812°N 120.5760°E / 14.3812; 120.5760 (Corregidor Museum & Tour)

Capas National Shrine Museum Public Museum Capas, Tarlac 1991 Visual documentation and accounts of the suffering of the American and Filipino POWs incarcerated in this location after the Battle of Bataan. Also displays a PNR cattle car where 60-80 men were crammed in for a day's ride from San Fernando to Capas. 15°20′56″N 120°32′43″E / 15.34891°N 120.545246°E / 15.34891; 120.545246 (Capas National Shrine Museum)

Manila American Cemetery & Memorial Public Museum Fort Bonifacio, Metro Manila 2020 Newly opened museum at the visitors center depicting the heroic actions of American and Filipino soldiers during the WWII. 14°32′24″N 121°03′03″E / 14.5399°N 121.0509°E / 14.5399; 121.0509 (Manila American Cemetery & Memorial)

Clark Museum Museum Clark Freeport and Special Economic Zone, Pampanga 1993 Contains relics, weapons, and uniforms from WW2.. 14°10′08″N 121°13′22″E / 14.1690°N 121.2227°E / 14.1690; 121.2227 (Clark Museum)

AFP Museum Museum Camp Aguinaldo, Quezon City Date Contains static displays, relics, weapons, and uniforms from WW2. 14°36′40″N 121°03′42″E / 14.6110°N 121.0618°E / 14.6110; 121.0618 (AFP Museum)

Casa Real Shrine Museum Malolos, Bulacan Date Contains WW2 relics including copy of Gen. Yamashita's Instrument of Surrender. 14°50′40″N 120°48′41″E / 14.8445°N 120.8114°E / 14.8445; 120.8114 (Casa Real Shrine)

Fort Santiago Dungeon[13] Museum Intramuros, Manila Museum commemorating torture site used by Kempetai on Filipino military and civilians. 14°35′26″N 120°58′27″E / 14.5906°N 120.9743°E / 14.5906; 120.9743 (Fort Santiago Dungeon)

Bataan World War II Museum Museum Balanga Elementary School, Balanga, Bataan Municipal museum located adjacent to the Surrender of Bataan Monument at the Balanga Elementary School. Contains relics and historical account of the Battle of Bataan. 14°40′52″N 120°32′45″E / 14.6810°N 120.5458°E / 14.6810; 120.5458 (Bataan World War II Museum)

Battle Sites & Events Markers

Name Category Location Established Remarks Coordinates Image
Battle of Barrio Piis Marker Lucban, Quezon 2010 Marker commemorating the battle between units of the Philippine Army's 1st Regular Division, and the Japanese invading forces that landed in Mauban on December 26, 1941. 14°51′14″N 120°28′26″E / 14.8539°N 120.4738°E / 14.8539; 120.4738 (Battle of Barrio Piis)

First Line of Defense Monument Monument Dinalupihan, Bataan Monument commemorating the location of the first line of defense by the defenders of Bataan. 14°51′14″N 120°28′26″E / 14.8539°N 120.4738°E / 14.8539; 120.4738 (First Line of Defense Monument)

MacArthur Memorial Marker Monument Cagayan de Oro, Misamis Oriental 2008 Monument to commemorate the escape of Pres. Quezon and Gen. MacArhtur's to Australia through Cagayan de Oro. 8°30′04″N 124°39′52″E / 8.50111°N 124.66444°E / 8.50111; 124.66444 (MacArthur Memorial Marker)

Gen. Douglas MacArthur Landmark Monument Del Monte Airfield, Manolo Fortich, Bukidnon Monument to commemorate Gen. MacArthur's and the Philippine Commonwealth Government's escape to Australia, through Del Monte Airfield. Inscription: In alis vincimus (On wings we conquer) 08°21′42″N 124°50′00″E / 8.36167°N 124.83333°E / 8.36167; 124.83333 (Gen. Douglas MacArthur Landmark)

Final Battle of Bataan Marker Marker Pilar, Bataan Date Marker commemorating the last battle by the 41st Infantry Division against Japanese forces on April 8, 1942. 14°38′00″N 120°30′40″E / 14.6333°N 120.5111°E / 14.6333; 120.5111 (Final Battle of Bataan Marker) Image
II Corps Last Line Marker Marker Bgy. Alangan, Limay, Bataan Location of Gen. Edward P. King's last command HQ over the forces in Bataan. Alangan River served as the last line of defense up to April 8, 1942. 14°40′52″N 120°32′45″E / 14.6810°N 120.5458°E / 14.6810; 120.5458 (II Corps Last Line Marker)

Surrender of Bataan Marker Monument Bataan WWII Museum, Balanga, Bataan Location of Gen. Edward P. King's surrender of USAFFE forces in Bataan to Japanese command on April 9, 1942. 14°40′52″N 120°32′45″E / 14.6810°N 120.5458°E / 14.6810; 120.5458 (Surrender of Bataan Marker)

Bataan Death March Kilometer Zero Kilometer Post Mariveles, Bataan Starting point of Bataan Death March in Mariveles, Bataan. 14°26′10″N 120°29′28″E / 14.4361°N 120.4910°E / 14.4361; 120.4910 (Bataan Death March Kilometer Zero)

San Fernando Train Station Death March Marker Marker San Fernando, Pampanga Date Embarkation point of American and Filipino POWs into cattle cars of the Philippine National Railway to Capas, Tarlac. 14°26′10″N 120°29′28″E / 14.4361°N 120.4910°E / 14.4361; 120.4910 (San Fernando Train Station Death March Marker)

Santo Domingo Train Station Death March Marker Monument Capas, Tarlac Date Disembarkation point of American and Filipino POWs after being transported in cattle cars of the Philippine National Railway from San Fernando, Pampanga. 14°26′10″N 120°29′28″E / 14.4361°N 120.4910°E / 14.4361; 120.4910 (Santo Domingo Train Station Death March Marker)

Pantingan Massacre Site Marker Bagac, Bataan Date To commemorate the Patingan River Massacre. Image
Jose Abad Santos Monument Monument Tanawan, Carcar City, Cebu November 14, 2021 Location commemorating the capture of Chief Justice Jose Abad Santos by the Japanese forces, and his eventual summary execution[14] 10°07′42″N 123°35′57″E / 10.1284°N 123.5992°E / 10.1284; 123.5992 (Jose Abad Santos Monument) Image
Narwhal Park Monument Nasipit, Agusan del Norte 2011 Commemorating the efforts of the USS Narwhal in support of the guerrilla movement in Mindanao, and rescuing civilians to Australia. 8°58′27″N 125°20′15″E / 8.97417°N 125.33750°E / 8.97417; 125.33750 (Narwhal Park)
MacArthur Landing Memorial National Park Monument Palo, Leyte Date To commemorate the Leyte Landings October 24, 1944 during the Battle of Leyte 11°10′20″N 125°00′44″E / 11.17222°N 125.01222°E / 11.17222; 125.01222 (MacArthur Landing Memorial National Park)
Battle of Sibuyan Sea Monument Monument Alcantara, Romblon 2007 To commemorate the Battle of Sibuyan Sea and the sinking of the IJN battleship Musashi 12°15′42″N 122°03′25″E / 12.2617°N 122.0569°E / 12.2617; 122.0569 (Battle of Sibuyan Sea Monument)
Battle of Sibuyan Sea Monument Monument Banton, Romblon To commemorate the Battle of Sibuyan Sea and the sinking of the IJN battleship Musashi 12°56′45″N 122°05′46″E / 12.9459°N 122.0960°E / 12.9459; 122.0960 (Battle of Sibuyan Sea Monument)
Battle of Surigao Strait Monument Monument Surigao City, Surigao del Norte 2019 To commemorate the Battle of Surigao Strait, the last battleship-to-battleship action in history 15°14′21″N 120°34′08″E / 15.2393°N 120.5690°E / 15.2393; 120.5690 (Battle of Surigao Strait Monument)
Kamikaze East Airfield Monument Monument Mabalacat, Pampanga 2000 Second airfield utilized by the Imperial Japanese Navy 1st Air Fleet during the counterattack against the American forces during the Battle of Leyte Gulf. 12°21′34″N 121°02′35″E / 12.3595°N 121.0430°E / 12.3595; 121.0430 (Kamikaze East Airfield Monument)
Kamikaze West Airfield Monument Monument Clark Freeport and Special Economic Zone, Mabalacat, Pampanga October 25, 2004 Second airfield utilized by the Imperial Japanese Navy 1st Air Fleet during the counterattack against the American forces during the Battle of Leyte Gulf.[15] 15°13′02″N 120°32′59″E / 15.2172°N 120.5496°E / 15.2172; 120.5496 (Kamikaze West Airfield Monument) Image
Sindangan War Memorial Shrine Marker Sindangan, Zamboanga del Norte Date On September 7, 1944, the submarine USS Paddle torpedoed the Japanese hell ship Shinyo Maru. The crew did not know there were 750 American POWs. Only 82 POWs survived and were rescued by the residents of Sindangan. 8°18′52″N 122°57′40″E / 8.3145°N 122.9611°E / 8.3145; 122.9611 (Sindangan War Memorial Shrine) Image
Agdangan Massacre Marker Marker Bgy. Agdangan, Baao, Camarines Sur Date On October 15, 1944, Japanese soldiers massacred 77 Filipino civilians of Agdangan after a Japanese courier was ambushed in the area. 13°29′43″N 123°19′21″E / 13.4952°N 123.3226°E / 13.4952; 123.3226 (Agdangan Massacre Marker)
Mindoro Landings Monument Monument San Jose, Occidental Mindoro Date To commemorate the Mindoro Landings which began the Battle of Mindoro on December 15, 1944 12°21′34″N 121°02′35″E / 12.3595°N 121.0430°E / 12.3595; 121.0430 (Mindoro Landings Monument)
Lingayen Landings Monument Monument Lingayen, Pangasinan Date To commemorate the Lingayen Landings on January 3, 1945. 16°02′03″N 120°13′52″E / 16.03411°N 120.2311°E / 16.03411; 120.2311 (Lingayen Landings Monument)

Zambales Landings Monument Monument San Narciso, Zambales 1994 To commemorate the Zamables Landings on January 19, 1945. 15°00′53″N 120°03′54″E / 15.0147°N 120.0651°E / 15.0147; 120.0651 (Zambales Landings Monument)

Nasugbu Landings Monument Monument Nasugbu, Batangas Date To commemorate the Nasugbu Landings on January 31, 1945 by the Eighth United States Army. 14°04′17″N 120°37′30″E / 14.07139°N 120.62513594012702°E / 14.07139; 120.62513594012702 (Nasugbu Landings Monument)
Tagaytay Ridge Landings Monument Monument Tagaytay City, Cavite Date To commemorate the Tagaytay airborne invasion on February 3, 1945, by the 11th Airborne Division. 14°06′55″N 120°57′43″E / 14.1153°N 120.9619°E / 14.1153; 120.9619 (Tagaytay Ridge Landings Monument)
Cabanatuan American Memorial Memorial Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija April 12, 1982 Memorial for American POWs incarcerated at the Cabanatuan Concentration Camp, and their eventual rescue. 15°30′40″N 121°02′38″E / 15.5110°N 121.0440°E / 15.5110; 121.0440 (Cabanatuan American Memorial)
Palawan Massacre Marker Marker Plaza Cuartel, Puerto Princesa, Palawan Location of Palawan Massacre by the Japanese on 100 American POWs. 9°44′24″N 118°43′47″E / 9.7401°N 118.7296°E / 9.7401; 118.7296 (Palawan Massacre Marker)
UPLB Baker Memorial Hall Marker University of the Philippines Los Baños, Los Baños, Laguna 2005 Location of internment camp for American civilians. 14°09′43″N 121°14′33″E / 14.1619°N 121.2426°E / 14.1619; 121.2426 (UPLB Baker Memorial Hall)
Memorare – Manila 1945[16] Statue Intramuros, Manila 1995 Memorial statue for the 100,000 civilian victims of the Manila Massacre. 14°35′26″N 120°58′27″E / 14.5906°N 120.9743°E / 14.5906; 120.9743 (Memorare – Manila 1945)

White Cross[13] Marker Intramuros, Manila Marker commemorating the common grave of 600 individuals discovered in the Fort Santiago Dungeons after the Battle of Manila. 14°35′26″N 120°58′27″E / 14.5906°N 120.9743°E / 14.5906; 120.9743 (White Cross)

Liberation of Baguio Marker Marker Naguilian Rd., Baguio City, Benguet Dilapidated marker commemorating the efforts of the 33rd Infantry Division in liberating Baguio March 1945. Coord

Gen. Yamashita Surrender Site Marker Kiangan, Ifugao Date Gen. Yamashita, overall commander of Japanese forces in the Philippines surrendered at this location. 16°46′38″N 121°05′07″E / 16.7771°N 121.08519708199573°E / 16.7771; 121.08519708199573 (Gen. Yamashita Surrender Site)

Gen. Tomoyuki Yamashita Execution Site Shrine Marker Los Baños, Laguna Date Execution site of Gen. Tomoyuki Yamashita 14°10′08″N 121°13′22″E / 14.1690°N 121.2227°E / 14.1690; 121.2227 (Gen. Tomoyuki Yamashita Execution Site Shrine)

Gen. Masaharu Homma Execution Site Marker Marker Los Baños, Laguna Date Execution site of Gen. Masaharu Homma. 14°10′08″N 121°13′22″E / 14.1689°N 121.22280°E / 14.1689; 121.22280 (Gen. Masaharu Homma Execution Site Marker)

Other Monuments & Markers

Name Category Location Established Remarks Coordinates Image
41st Infantry Division Shrine Monument Tagaytay City, Cavite Date Monument commemorating the 41st Infantry Division under Gen. Vicente Lim. Tagaytay was the division's cantonment from September to December 1941, prior to their relocation to Bataan Peninsula. 14°05′45″N 120°56′21″E / 14.0957°N 120.9391°E / 14.0957; 120.9391 (41st Infantry Division Shrine)
Philippine Army Artillery Memorial Monument Clark Freeport and Special Economic Zone, Mabalacat, Pampanga 2017 Original location of Camp Dau, established on March 10, 1937, under the leadership of Col. Fidel Segundo. 15°10′57″N 120°34′29″E / 15.1824°N 120.5748°E / 15.1824; 120.5748 (Philippine Army Artillery Memorial)

Yahagi Memorial Cemetery Monument Don Pedro Subdivision, Marulas, Valenzuela May 27, 1942 Originally erected in 1938 to commemorate the 48 crew members of the IJN Yahagi who were buried at the British Cemetery Manila (current location). During, the Japanese occupation, the Imperial Japanese Navy celebrated their Navy Day with the rededication of the monument.[17] 14°40′48″N 120°58′34″E / 14.6799°N 120.9762°E / 14.6799; 120.9762 (Yahagi Memorial Cemetery)
Philippine-Japanese Memorial Park Park New Bilibid Prison, Muntinlupa Date To commemorate the 17 Japanese POWs and war criminals executed by the Philippine Government from 1947 to 1952 after the war crimes trial in Manila. 14°22′30″N 121°01′35″E / 14.3749°N 121.0263°E / 14.3749; 121.0263 (Philippine-Japanese Memorial Park)

Japanese Garden Shrine Lumban, Laguna January 14, 1973 To commemorate the Japanese, American, and Philippine casualties during WW2, specifically in Southern Luzon under the Shimbu Group. 14°17′01″N 121°30′38″E / 14.28362°N 121.5105°E / 14.28362; 121.5105 (Japanese Garden)

Jose Gozar Monument Monument Calapan Plaza, Calapan City, Oriental Mindoro 2018 Commemoration of Lt. Jose Gozar of the Philippine Army Air Corps, who received the Distinguished Service Cross for his attempt at aerial ramming of Japanese bombers on December 10, 1942. 13°24′53″N 121°10′45″E / 13.4147°N 121.1792°E / 13.4147; 121.1792 (Jose Gozar Monument)
Tagudin Veterans Marker Marker Tagudin, Ilocos Sur Marker commemorating the veterans of WWII from Tagudin, Ilocos Sur. 16°56′02″N 120°26′41″E / 16.9339°N 120.4447°E / 16.9339; 120.4447 (Tagudin Veterans Marker)

Rosario Veterans Monument Monument Rosario, La Union Monument commemorating the veterans of WWII from Rosario, La Union. 16°13′47″N 120°29′14″E / 16.2298°N 120.4873°E / 16.2298; 120.4873 (Rosario Veterans Monument)

Alcala Guerrilla Veterans Monument Monument Alcala, Pangasinan Monument commemorating the veterans and guerrillas of WWII from Alcala, Pangasinan. 15°50′45″N 120°31′13″E / 15.8458°N 120.5203°E / 15.8458; 120.5203 (Alcala Guerrilla Veterans Monument)

Laur WWII Veterans Monument Monument Laur, Nueva Ecija Monument commemorating the veterans and guerrillas of WWII from Laur, Nueva Ecija. 15°35′01″N 121°11′06″E / 15.5837°N 121.1849°E / 15.5837; 121.1849 (Laur WWII Veterans Monument)

Malolos Veterans Monument Monument Malolos, Bulacan Monument commemorating the veterans of WWII from Malolos, Bulacan. 14°50′36″N 120°48′40″E / 14.8434°N 120.8111°E / 14.8434; 120.8111 (Malolos Veterans Monument)

Ususan Veterans Monument Monument Bgy. Ususan, Pateros, Metro Manila Monument commemorating the veterans of WWII from Pateros, Metro Manila. 14°32′07″N 121°04′04″E / 14.5352°N 121.0677°E / 14.5352; 121.0677 (Ususan Veterans Monument)

Indang Veterans Monument Monument Indang, Cavite 2014 Monument commemorating the veterans of WWII from Indang, Cavite 14°12′10″N 120°50′25″E / 14.20278°N 120.84028°E / 14.20278; 120.84028 (Indang Veterans Monument)

Naic Veterans Monument Monument Naic, Cavite 2014 Monument commemorating the veterans of WWII from Naic, Cavite 14°19′17″N 120°46′18″E / 14.3215°N 120.7717°E / 14.3215; 120.7717 (Naic Veterans Monument)

Angono Veterans Memorial Monument Angono, Rizal Monument commemorating the veterans and guerrillas of WWII from Angono, Rizal. 14°31′56″N 121°09′09″E / 14.5323°N 121.1525°E / 14.5323; 121.1525 (Angono Veterans Memorial)

Tanay Veterans Memorial Monument Tanay, Rizal Monument commemorating the veterans and guerrillas of WWII from Tanay, Rizal. 14°30′00″N 121°17′02″E / 14.5000°N 121.2839°E / 14.5000; 121.2839 (Tanay Veterans Memorial)

Famy-Siniloan Veterans Monument Monument Famy, Laguna Monument commemorating the veterans of WWII from Siniloan, Laguna 14°26′07″N 121°26′57″E / 14.4353°N 121.4492°E / 14.4353; 121.4492 (Famy-Siniloan Veterans Monument)

Pangil Veterans Monument Monument Pangil, Laguna Monument commemorating the veterans of WWII from Pangil, Laguna 14°26′07″N 121°26′56″E / 14.4353°N 121.4490°E / 14.4353; 121.4490 (Pangil Veterans Monument)

Pakil Veterans Monument Monument Pakil, Laguna Monument commemorating the veterans of WWII from Pakil, Laguna 14°22′49″N 121°28′43″E / 14.3804°N 121.47863°E / 14.3804; 121.47863 (Pakil Veterans Monument)

Paete Veterans Monument Monument Paete, Laguna Monument commemorating the veterans of WWII from Paete, Laguna 14°21′52″N 121°28′53″E / 14.3644°N 121.4813°E / 14.3644; 121.4813 (Paete Veterans Monument)

Pagsanjan Veterans Monument Monument Pagsanjan, Laguna Monument commemorating the veterans of WWII from Pagsanjan, Laguna 14°16′22″N 121°27′21″E / 14.2729°N 121.4558°E / 14.2729; 121.4558 (Pagsanjan Veterans Monument)

Calauan Veterans Monument Monument Calauan, Laguna Monument commemorating the veterans of WWII from Calauan, Laguna 14°09′01″N 121°18′53″E / 14.1502°N 121.3147°E / 14.1502; 121.3147 (Calauan Veterans Monument)

Calamba Veterans Monument Monument Calamba, Laguna Monument commemorating the veterans of WWII from Calamba, Laguna. 14°12′53″N 121°10′05″E / 14.2146°N 121.1680°E / 14.2146; 121.1680 (Calamba Veterans Monument)

Cavinti Veterans Monument Monument Cavinti, Laguna Monument commemorating the veterans and guerrillas of WWII from Cavinti, Laguna. 14°14′31″N 121°30′53″E / 14.2419°N 121.5146°E / 14.2419; 121.5146 (Cavinti Veterans Monument)

Tancong Vaca Guerrilla Unit Memorial Monument Bgy. San Nicolas, Canaman, Camarines Sur Monument commemorating the Tancong Vaca Guerrilla Unit of Canaman, Camarines Sur.. 13°39′05″N 123°06′09″E / 13.6514°N 123.1025°E / 13.6514; 123.1025 (Tancong Vaca Guerrilla Unit Memorial)

Granada Veterans Monument Monument Bgy. Granada, Bacolod, Negros Occidental Monument commemorating the veterans and guerrillas of WWII from Bgy. Granada, Bacolod City.[18] 10°39′58″N 123°02′02″E / 10.6661°N 123.0340°E / 10.6661; 123.0340 (Granada Veterans Monument)
Battle of Mt. Kalisungan[19] Monument Brgy. San Mateo, San Pablo City, Laguna August 27, 2000 Monument commemorating the Battle of Mt. Kalisungan was the last Fil-Am uprising in the city of San Pablo against the Japanese Imperial Army 14°06′51″N 121°18′01″E / 14.114167°N 121.300278°E / 14.114167; 121.300278
Pinaglabanan Shrine- Battle of Sta. Isabel[20] Monument Brgy. Sta Isabel, San Pablo City, Laguna November 22, 1979 Monument commemorating the Battle of Sta Isabel, first Fil-Am uprising in the city of San Pablo against the invading Japanese Imperial Army 14°05′00″N 121°21′06″E / 14.083333°N 121.351667°E / 14.083333; 121.351667
Dambana ng Kagitingan -San Pablo WWII Veterans Memorial Shrine[21] Monument San Pablo City, Laguna Monument dedicated to the sons and daughters of San Pablo who fought against the Japanese during WWII 14°04′28″N 121°19′31″E / 14.074444°N 121.325278°E / 14.074444; 121.325278
Liberation of San Pablo City[22] Monument San Pablo City, Laguna Monument dedicated to the liberators of San Pablo City, Laguna
San Pablo City Highway Barangays Landmarks

See also

References

  1. ^ Lagman, Oscar Jr. (February 13, 2023). "Removal of World War II memorials may be imminent". BusinessWorld Online. Business World. Retrieved May 16, 2023.
  2. ^ "The Significance of 1946 for Filipina/o Americans". Filipino American National Historical Society. FANHS. Retrieved May 16, 2023.
  3. ^ Law, John (July 2, 2021). "75 Years of US-Philippine Friendship". US Embassy in the Philippines. Department of State. Retrieved May 16, 2023.
  4. ^ a b c "Masaharu Homma and Japanese Atrocities | American Experience | PBS". www.pbs.org. Retrieved May 16, 2023.
  5. ^ Morton, Louis. "The Fall of the Philippines-Chapter 21". US Army Center for Military History. Department of Army. Retrieved May 16, 2023.
  6. ^ "The Guerrilla War: American Experience | PBS". www.pbs.org. Retrieved May 16, 2023.
  7. ^ Tachikawa, Kyoichi (October 2020). "The Japanese Army's Measures against Guerrilla Activities in the Philippines in the First Half of the Pacific War" (PDF). Anzenhosho Senryaku Kenkyu (Security & Strategies). 1 (2). Retrieved May 16, 2023.
  8. ^ "Reports of General MacArthur Vol. 1". US Army Center for Military History. Department of Army. Retrieved May 16, 2023.
  9. ^ "Manila American Cemetery". www.abmc.gov. American Battles Monuments Commission. January 1960. Retrieved May 16, 2023.
  10. ^ Tantoco, Paco (August 31, 2016). "FAST FACTS: Libingan ng mga Bayani". Rapplier. Rappler. Retrieved May 16, 2023.
  11. ^ "Pacific War Memorial, Corregidor Island, Manila Bay, Philippines, 1968". digitalcollections.lib.washington.edu. Retrieved May 16, 2023.
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  13. ^ a b "Welcome to Fort Santiago". Intramuros Administration. Retrieved May 16, 2023.
  14. ^ "Group inaugurates obelisk marker of Jose Abad Santos in Carcar City". SUNSTAR. February 19, 2021. Retrieved May 19, 2023.
  15. ^ "Mabalacat West Airfield Monument". www.kamikazeimages.net. Retrieved May 19, 2023.
  16. ^ "Memorial Civilian Casualties Manila 'Memorare' Intramuros - Manila - TracesOfWar.com". www.tracesofwar.com. Retrieved May 16, 2023.
  17. ^ "Navy Day Celebrated by Filipinos Today". The Tribune. May 27, 1942. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
  18. ^ "Humblest WWII Monument". makadto. March 10, 2015. Retrieved May 31, 2023.
  19. ^ "San Pablo City". www.sanpablocity.gov.ph. Retrieved August 15, 2024.
  20. ^ "Pinaglabanan shrine cultural mapping form" (PDF).
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