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William Pinckney
William Pinckney
Born	April 27, 1915; Dale, South Carolina, US
Died	July 21, 1976 (aged 61); Beaufort, South Carolina, US
Place of burial	Beaufort National Cemetery, Beaufort, South Carolina, US
Service / branch	United States Navy
Years of service	1938–1946
Rank	Petty officer first class
Unit	USS Enterprise (CV-6)
Battles / wars	World War II Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands;
Awards	Navy Cross; Purple Heart

William Pinckney (April 27, 1915 – July 21, 1976) was a United States Navy sailor who was the second African American to be awarded the Navy Cross,^[1]^[2]^[3] the second-highest decoration for valor in combat after the Medal of Honor.^[4] Pinckney received the medal for saving the life of a fellow crew member on board the USS Enterprise (CV-6) during the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands. The Arleigh Burke-class destroyer USS Pinckney (DDG 91) is named in his honor.

Early life

Pinckney was born in Dale, South Carolina, on April 27, 1915, to Renty and Jenny Pinckney.^[5]^[6] His father worked as a carpenter on shrimp boats while his mother died when he was eight years old. Pinckney attended school through the seventh grade then worked as a carpenter on shrimp boats before he joined the Navy.^[6]

Naval career

Image from the film *The Negro Sailor* with a painting showing Pinckney saving Bagwell's life

Pinckney enlisted on August 3, 1938, and attended boot camp at Great Lakes, Illinois. He then reported to the aircraft carrier USS Enterprise (CV-6) as a cook.^[6]^[7] At the time, cook was one of the few ratings open in the U.S. Navy to Black sailors.^[8]

While serving on the Enterprise, Pinckney took part in a number of battles including the Doolittle Raid, the Battle of Midway,^[9] and the Battle of the Eastern Solomons, where the carrier suffered three direct bomb hits that killed 74 sailors and wounded 95.^[10]

After repairs at Pearl Harbor, the Enterprise took part in the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands in October 1942. On October 26, the ship was struck by two 250 kg bombs that killed 44 men and wounded 75.^[10] Pinckney's battle station was an ammunition handling room on the ship;^[2] when one of bombs penetrated the flight deck; the explosion knocked Pinckney unconscious and killed four of the other five sailors in the compartment with him.^[1]

When Pinckney regained consciousness, he discovered the compartments around him wrecked completely. He made his way through the burning wreckage to an open hangar deck hatch, where he found the only other surviving sailor, Gunner's Mate James Bagwell.^[6]^[2] The other sailor could not get up through the hatch and fell unconscious, so Pinckney pulled Bagwell over his shoulder and started climbing the ladder. During his first attempt, an electrical cable shocked Pinckney and he was thrown back and knocked unconscious again.^[6] When he regained consciousness, he grabbed Bagwell again and carried him through the hatch to safety. Pinckney then returned down the hatch to search for more survivors.^[1]

Pinckney received treatment in Hawaii for shrapnel wounds and third-degree burns before he spent the next four years at Naval Base San Diego. He left the Navy on June 30, 1946, as a Cook First Class.^[6]^[7]

Pinckney was one of only four African Americans to receive the Navy Cross during World War II.^[6]^[7]

Post-Navy career

Pinckney later served for 26 years in the Merchant Marines as a cook.^[6]

Personal life

While attending elementary school in South Carolina, Pinckney met his future wife, Henrietta. He asked Henrietta to her first dance when she was fifteen and married her eight years later in Beaufort on November 6, 1943.^[6]

Additionally, Pinckney was a Mason and a member of the American Legion.^[6] He died on July 21, 1976, after a two-year struggle with spinal cancer. He was buried in the Beaufort National Cemetery and was survived by his wife. They had no children.^[6]

Decades later, Beaufort historian and USCB professor Larry Rowland discovered that Pinckney's headstone did not mention him receiving the Navy Cross.^[11] In 2018, a new headstone was unveiled that listed the Navy Cross.^[12]

Legacy

In 1943, Pinckney receiving the Navy Cross resulted in coverage across the United States, including in the New York Times,^[13] the Call and Post in Cleveland,^[14] the Detroit Evening Times,^[15] the Jackson Advocate^[16] and the Negro History Bulletin.^[17]

The 1945 documentary film The Negro Sailor also describes Pinckney's heroism and shows a painting of him saving Bagwell's life. It also honors Doris Miller and Leonard Roy Harmon.^[18]^[19]

In that same year, Senator James M. Mead gave a speech on the Senate floor about the "Service of Negroes in the Navy" in which he read Pinckney's award citation.^[20]

The Arleigh Burke-class destroyer USS Pinckney (DDG 91), commissioned on May 29, 2004, is named in his honor.^[21] In announcing the naming of the ship, Secretary of the Navy Richard Danzig said that Pinckney "embodied the Navy's value of selfless service, at a time when the institution undervalued black service members. His willingness to give so much, and sacrifice for an institution which gave him so little, makes these acts for which he earned the Navy Cross that much more heroic."^[22]^[23]

Navy Cross citation

The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Navy Cross to Ship's Cook Third Class William Pinckney, United States Navy, for extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty while serving on board the Aircraft Carrier U.S.S. ENTERPRISE (CV-6), in action against the enemy during the operations of the U.S. Naval Forces north of the Santa Cruz, Islands, on 26 October 1942. When a heavy bomb exploded in the near vicinity, Ship's Cook Third Class Pinckney, standing at his battle station in the ammunition handling room, was knocked unconscious. With several compartments completely wrecked and four of his five comrades killed, he, regaining consciousness, groped his way through the burning and tangled wreckage to a point under an open hangar deck hatch. Just as he was about to escape he found a shipmate, the only other survivor of his party, struggling up through the hatch. When the man fell unconscious, either from his wounds or from smoke fumes, Ship's Cook Third Class Pinckney, unmindful of his own danger, lifted his comrade through the hatch to safety before he himself battled his way out of the burning and smoke-filled compartment. By his dauntless courage in saving his comrade's life at great risk to his own, Ship's Cook Third Class Pinckney upheld the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service.^[3]^[24]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c "Beaufort Recognizes Navy Cross Recipient," Marine Corps Air Station Beaufort, U.S. Navy, February 15, 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c J. D. Kitson, "Cook 3rd Class William Pinckney," Military.com, accessed July 14, 2022.
^ ^a ^b "William Pinckney" entry at the Military Times Hall of Valor Project, accessed July 14, 2022.
^ "The Navy Cross". Naval History and Heritage Command. January 17, 2018. Retrieved July 19, 2022.
^ African American War Heroes edited by James B. Martin, ABC-Clio, 2014, pages 123–124.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k "Ship Crest and History of Navy Cook First Class William Pinckney, 1915–1975," USS Pinckney (DDG 91), U.S. Navy, accessed July 14, 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Cook First Class William Pinckney," Naval History and Heritage Command, August 14, 2020.
^ "African American Sailors in the U.S. Navy A Chronology, Naval History and Heritage Command, January 14, 2022.
^ "William Pinckney (1915–1976)" by Samuel de Korte, Traces of War, March 30, 2019, accessed July 14, 2022.
^ ^a ^b "Enterprise VII (CV-6)" by Mark L. Evans, Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command, April 26, 2017.
^ "After more than 40 years, Navy hero's headstone finally honors his bravery in WWII" by Stassy Olmos, WSAV, January 15, 2018.
^ "After 41 years this Beaufort veteran's headstone finally reflects his bravery" by Delayna Earley, The Island Packet, January 7, 2018.
^ "Navy Cross to William Pinckney," The New York Times, June 13, 1943, page 7.
^ "President Awards Navy Cross to Heroic Cook," Call and Post, June 19, 1943, page 1.
^ "Heroic Rescues Spur Bond Sale," Detroit Evening Times, June 15, 1945, Page 6-C.
^ "Navy Hero is Awarded Cross," Jackson Advocate, June 19, 1943, Page 3.
^ "Negro Heroes in the Present War" by Gertrude B. Rivers, Negro History Bulletin, Vol. 7, No. 8 (May 1944), page 189.
^ "XD12654 1945 African Americans in WWII U.S. Navy Film 'The Negro Sailor," Periscope Film stock footage library, accessed July 14, 2022.
^ "Records Relating to Personal Participation in World War II: Military Awards and Decorations," Reference Information Paper, Issue 92, National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration, 2000, page 19.
^ Congressional Record, U.S. Government Printing Office, Volume 91, Part 6, 1945, pages 7286–7287.
^ "Remembering three heroes..." by Thaddeus Wright, Navy Supply Corps Newsletter, U.S. Department of the Navy, Supply Systems Command, Vol. 75, Issue 2, March–April 2012.
^ African Americans at War An Encyclopedia, Volume 1, by Jonathan Sutherland, ABC-Clio, 2004, page 305.
^ "U.S. Navy Names Ship in Honor of African-American War Hero" by Helen I. Rouce Washington File, Information Resource Center, U.S. State Department, March 10, 2000.
^ The Negro Handbook 1946–1947 edited by Florence Murray, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, page 381.