Westerlund 1

This article is about the super star cluster. For the red supergiant star, see Westerlund 1 W26.
Westerlund 1

Credit: ESO/VPHAS+ Survey/N. Wright
Observation data (J2000 epoch)
Right ascension16h 47m 04.0s[1]
Declination−45° 51′ 04.9″[1]
Distance3.78+0.56
−0.46[2] (2.6[3] – 4.23[4]) kpc
Physical characteristics
Mass63,000[5] M☉
Radius3.26 ly[5]
Estimated age3.50 Myr[5]
Other designationsAra Cluster, Westerlund 1, ESO 277-12, C 1644-457, VDBH 197
Associations
ConstellationAra
See also: Open cluster, List of open clusters

Westerlund 1 (abbreviated Wd1, sometimes called Ara Cluster[6]) is a compact young super star cluster about 3.8 kpc (12,000 ly) away from Earth. It is thought to be the most massive young star cluster in the Milky Way,[4] and was discovered by Bengt Westerlund in 1961[7] but remained largely unstudied for many years due to high interstellar absorption in its direction. In the future, it will probably evolve into a globular cluster.[8]

The cluster contains a large number of rare, evolved, high-mass stars, including: 6 yellow hypergiants, 4 red supergiants including Westerlund 1-26, one of the largest known stars, 24 Wolf-Rayet stars, a luminous blue variable, many OB supergiants, and an unusual supergiant sgB[e] star which has been proposed to be the remnant of a recent stellar merger.[9] In addition, X-ray observations have revealed the presence of the anomalous X-ray pulsar CXO J164710.20-455217, a slow rotating neutron star that must have formed from a high-mass progenitor star.[10] Westerlund 1 is believed to have formed in a single burst of star formation, implying the constituent stars have similar ages and compositions.

Aside from hosting some of the most massive and least-understood stars in our galaxy, Westerlund 1 is useful as a relatively nearby, easy to observe super star cluster that can help astronomers determine what occurs within extragalactic super star clusters.

Observations

Images of Westerlund 1: left is visible light, with all stars appearing red due to interstellar absorption; right is X-ray wavelengths, with the magnetar marked

The brightest O7–8V main sequence stars in Wd1 have V-band photometric magnitudes around 20.5, and therefore at visual wavelengths Wd1 is dominated by highly luminous post-Main Sequence stars (V-band magnitudes of 14.5–18, absolute magnitudes −7 to −10), along with less-luminous post-Main Sequence stars of luminosity class Ib and II (V-band magnitudes of 18–20). Due to the extremely high interstellar reddening towards Wd1, it is very difficult to observe in the U- and B-bands, and most observations are made in the R- or I-bands at the red end of the spectrum or in the infrared. Stars in the cluster are generally named using a classification introduced by Westerlund,[11] although a separate naming convention is often used for the Wolf-Rayet stars.[12]

At X-ray wavelengths, Wd1 shows diffuse emission from interstellar gas and point emission from both high-mass, post-Main Sequence and low mass, pre-Main Sequence stars. The Westerlund 1 magnetar is the most luminous X-ray point source in the cluster, with the sgB[e] star W9, the (presumed) binary W30a and the Wolf–Rayet stars WR A and WR B all strong X-ray sources. Approximately 50 other X-ray point sources are associated with luminous optical counterparts. Finally, at radio wavelengths the sgB[e] star W9 and red supergiants W20 and W26 are strong radio sources, while the majority of the cool hypergiants and a few OB supergiants and Wolf–Rayet stars are also detected.

Age and evolutionary state

Artist's impression of the magnetar CXOU J164710.2-455216 in the star cluster Westerlund 1 (ESO/L. Calçada)

The age of Wd1 is estimated at 4–5 Myr from comparison of the population of evolved stars with models of stellar evolution. The presence of significant numbers of both Wolf–Rayet stars and red and yellow supergiants in Wd1 represents a strong constraint on the age: theory suggests that red supergiants will not form until around 4 Myr as the most massive stars do not go through a red supergiant phase, while the Wolf–Rayet population declines sharply after 5 Myr. This range of ages is broadly consistent with infra-red observations of Wd1 that reveal the presence of late-O main sequence stars, although a lower age of around 3.5 Myr has been suggested from observations of lower-mass stars in Wd1.[1]

Comet-like stars in Westerlund 1[13]

If Wd1 formed stars with a typical initial mass function then the cluster would have originally contained a significant number of very massive stars, such as those currently observed in the younger Arches cluster. Current estimates of the age of Wd1 are greater than the lifetimes of these stars, and stellar evolution models suggest that there would already have been 50–150 supernovae in Wd1, with a supernova rate of approximately one per 10,000 years over the last million years. However, to date only one definitive supernova remnant has been detected—the Westerlund 1 magnetar—and the lack of other compact objects and high-mass X-ray binaries is puzzling. A number of suggestions have been put forward, including high supernova kick velocities that disrupt binary systems, the formation of slowly accreting (and therefore undetectable) stellar mass black holes, or binary systems in which both objects are now compact objects, but the problem has yet to be resolved.

As the stars in Westerlund 1 have the same age, composition and distance, the cluster represents an ideal environment for understanding the evolution of massive stars. The simultaneous presence of stars evolving on to and off of the Main Sequence presents a robust test for stellar evolution models, which are also currently unable to correctly predict the observed distribution of Wolf–Rayet subtypes in Westerlund 1.[14]

Binary fraction

A number of lines of evidence point to a high binary fraction amongst the high-mass stars in Wd1. Some massive binaries are detected directly through photometry[15] and radial velocity[16] observations, while many others are inferred through secondary characteristics (such as high X-ray luminosity, non-thermal radio spectra and excess infra-red emission) that are typical of colliding-wind binaries or dust-forming Wolf–Rayet stars. Overall binary fractions of 70% for the Wolf–Rayet population[12] and in excess of 40% for the OB supergiants are currently estimated, although both may be incomplete.[16]

Members

As well as documented members of the cluster, the luminous blue variable MN44 is thought to be a runaway star ejected from Westerlund 1 four to five million years ago.[17]

Designation Right ascension Declination Object type Spectral type Luminosity (L☉) Temperature (K) Radius (R☉)
W2a[9] 16h 46m 59.7s −45° 50′ 51.1″ Blue supergiant O9.5 Ia – B0.5 Ia
W4[9] 16h 47m 01.42s −45° 50′ 37.1″ Yellow hypergiant G0 Ia+ – F2 Ia+
W5[18] 16h 47m 02.97s −45° 50′ 19.5″ Blue hypergiant
W6a[9] 16h 47m 04.0s −45° 50′ 21.0″ Blue supergiant
W7[9] 16h 46m 03.62s −45° 50′ 14.2″ Blue hypergiant
W8a[9] 16h 47m 04.79s −45° 50′ 24.9″ Yellow hypergiant
W8b[18] 16h 47m 04.95s −45° 50′ 26.7″ Blue hypergiant B1-5Ia
W9[9] 16h 47m 04.14s −45° 50′ 31.1″ B[e] star sgB[e]
W12a[9] 16h 47m 02.21s −45° 50′ 58.8″ Yellow hypergiant
W13[19][16] 16h 47m 06.45s −45° 50′ 26.0″ Eclipsing binary B0.5 Ia+ + OB
W16a[9] 16h 47m 06.61s −45° 50′ 42.1″ Yellow hypergiant
W20[9] 16h 47m 04.70s −45° 51′ 23.8″ Red supergiant 126,000[20] 3,500[20] 965[20]
W26[9] 16h 47m 05.40s −45° 50′ 36.5″ Red supergiant M2-6Ia[21] 380,000[22] – 1,100,000[20] 3,600[23] – 3,700[20] 1,530[22]−2,550[20],1,165–1,221[24]
W32[9] 16h 47m 03.67s −45° 50′ 43.5″ Yellow hypergiant
W33[9] 16h 47m 04.12s −45° 50′ 48.3″ Blue hypergiant
W36[25] 16h 47m 05.08s −45° 50′ 55.1″ Eclipsing binary O6.5III + O9.5 IV 275,000 + 89,000 12.69 + 10.46
W75[26] 16h 47m 08.93s −45° 49′ 58.4″ Red supergiant 68,000[20] 3,600[20] 668[20]
W237[9] 16h 47m 03.09s −45° 52′ 18.8″ Red supergiant 234,000[20] 3,605[20] 1,245[20]
W243[9] 16h 47m 07.55s −45° 52′ 28.5″ Luminous blue variable LBV
W265[9] 16h 47m 06.26s −45° 49′ 23.7″ Yellow hypergiant
WR 77a[27] 16h 46m 55.4s −45° 51′ 34″ Wolf–Rayet star WN6–7
WR 77aa[28] 16h 46m 46.3s −45° 47′ 58″ Wolf–Rayet star WC9d
WR 77b[27] 16h 46m 59.9s −45° 55′ 26″ Wolf–Rayet star WC8
WR 77c[27] 16h 47m 00.89s −45° 51′ 20.9″ Wolf–Rayet star WNL
WR 77d, W57c[27] 16h 47m 01.5s −45° 51′ 45″ Wolf–Rayet star WN8
WR 77e[27] 16h 47m 01.67s −45° 51′ 19.9″ Wolf–Rayet star WN6–8
WR 77f, W5[27] 16h 47m 02.97s −45° 50′ 19.5″ Wolf–Rayet star WNVL
WR 77g[27] 16h 47m 03.1s −45° 50′ 43″ Wolf–Rayet star WC7
WR 77h, W66[27] 16h 47m 04.0s −45° 51′ 37.5″ Wolf–Rayet star WC9
WR 77i[27] 16h 47m 04.02s −45° 51′ 25.2″ Wolf–Rayet star WN6–8
WR 77j, W44[27] 16h 47m 04.20s −45° 51′ 07.0″ Wolf–Rayet star WN9
WR 77k[27] 16h 47m 04.1s −45° 51′ 20.0″ Wolf–Rayet star WC9
WR 77l[27] 16h 47m 04.40s −45° 51′ 03.8″ Wolf–Rayet star WC8.5
WR 77m, W239[27] 16h 47m 05.21s −45° 52′ 25.0″ Wolf–Rayet star WC9
WR 77n[27] 16h 47m 05.35s −45° 51′ 05.0″ Wolf–Rayet star WN8 (uncertain)
WR 77o, W14c[27] 16h 47m 06.0s −45° 15′ 22″ Wolf–Rayet star WN7o[29]
WR 77p, W241[27] 16h 47m 06.06s −45° 52′ 08.3″ Wolf–Rayet star WC9
WR 77q[27] 16h 47m 06.24s −45° 51′ 26.5″ Wolf–Rayet star WN6–8
WR 77r[27] 16h 47m 07.6s −45° 52′ 36″ Wolf–Rayet star WN6
WR 77s, W72[27] 16h 47m 08.32s −45° 50′ 45.5″ Wolf–Rayet star WN6o[12]
WR 77sa[12] 16h 47m 07.58s −45° 49′ 22.2″ Wolf–Rayet star WN6h
WR 77sb[12] 16h 47m 07.66s −45° 52′ 35.9″ Wolf–Rayet star WN6o
WR 77sc, W72[12] 16h 47m 08.32s −45° 50′ 45.5″ Wolf–Rayet star WN7b
WR 77sd[12] 16h 47m 14.1s −45° 48′ 32″ Wolf–Rayet star WN4–5
CXOU J164710.2-455216[30] 16h 47m 10.18s −45° 52′ 16.7″ anomalous X-ray pulsar

References

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  30. ^ SIMBAD, CXOU J164710.2-455216
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此條目可能包含不适用或被曲解的引用资料，部分内容的准确性无法被证實。 (2023年1月5日)请协助校核其中的错误以改善这篇条目。详情请参见条目的讨论页。 各国相关 主題列表 索引 国内生产总值 石油储量 国防预算 武装部队（军事） 官方语言 人口統計 人口密度 生育率 出生率 死亡率 自杀率 谋杀率 失业率 储蓄率 识字率 出口额 进口额 煤产量 发电量 监禁率 死刑 国债 ...

 

 

Government Junta of Chile (1924)

Short-lived Chilean government Members of the 1924 Government Junta of Chile. Government Junta of Chile (September 11, 1924 - January 23, 1925), (also known as the September Junta) was the political structure established to rule Chile following the anti-conservative military coup that assumed power after first interfering in progressive President Arturo Alessandri's deadlocked government. It ruled the country until it was ousted by yet another military coup, and gave way to the January Junta....

 

 

國民陣線

国民阵线Barisan NasionalNational Frontباريسن ناسيونلபாரிசான் நேசனல்国民阵线标志简称国阵，BN主席阿末扎希总秘书赞比里署理主席莫哈末哈山总财政希山慕丁副主席魏家祥维纳斯瓦兰佐瑟古律创始人阿都拉萨成立1973年1月1日 (1973-01-01)[1]设立1974年7月1日 (1974-07-01)前身 联盟总部 马来西亚  吉隆坡 50480 秋傑区敦依斯迈路太子世贸中心（英�...

Captain Kirk Douglas

American guitarist and singer For the actor, see Kirk Douglas. Captain Kirk DouglasDouglas in 2008Background informationBirth nameKirk DouglasBorn (1973-09-30) September 30, 1973 (age 50)OriginLong Island, New York, U.S.GenresHip hop, Neo soul, Soul, Funk, R&B, Alternative rock, PopOccupationsMusician, SongwriterInstrumentsGuitar, Ukulele, VocalsYears active1993–presentMusical artist Captain Kirk Douglas (born September 30, 1973) is an American guitarist and singer who performs wit...

 

 

Schubert's Dream of Spring

1931 film Schubert's Dream of SpringDirected byRichard OswaldWritten byLeo LaskoArthur Rebner [de]Produced byErich Morawsky [de]Richard OswaldStarringCarl Jöken [de]Gretl TheimerAlfred LäutnerWilly StettnerCinematographyWilly GoldbergerEdited byPaul Falkenberg [de]Music byFelix Günther [de]ProductioncompanyRichard-Oswald-ProduktionDistributed byAtlas-FilmverleihRelease date 30 January 1931 (1931-01-30) (Ber...

 

 

الدوري الفرنسي 1932–33

يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (نوفمبر 2019) الدوري الفرنسي 1932–33 تفاصيل الموسم الدوري الفرنسي  النسخة 1  البلد فرنسا  التاريخ بداية:11 سبتمبر 19...

Willamette Valley

Valley in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States This article is about the geographic feature. For other uses, see Willamette Valley (disambiguation). Willamette ValleyFarmscape in northern Polk CountyThe Willamette Valley contains most of Oregon's population; it extends from the Portland metro area in the north to Eugene in the south.GeographyLocationUnited States, OregonBorders onCascade Range (East)Oregon Coast Range (West)Calapooya Mountains (South)Coordinates44°54′N 123°06...

 

 

Legenda Minangkabau

Tradisi adu kerbau di Sumatera Barat, 1932–1934. Legenda Minangkabau menceritakan kisah asal usul nama Minangkabau. Menurut legenda ini, nama Minangkabau berasal dari gabungan dua kata, minang (menang) dan kabau (kerbau). Kisah Legenda ini menceritakan tentang perselisihan wilayah antara penduduk di wilayah Sumatera Barat sekarang dengan penguasa pendatang dari negeri seberang. Untuk menghidari perang, penduduk setempat mengusulkan agar pertempuran dilakukan secara simbolis dengan kerbau pi...

 

 

Des Moines, Iowa

Capital of Iowa, United States Des Moines redirects here. For other uses, see Des Moines (disambiguation). State capital city in Iowa, United StatesDes MoinesState capital cityThe skyline of Downtown Des MoinesIowa State CapitolIowa State FairGreater Des Moines Botanical GardenSt. Ambrose CathedralDes Moines City Hall FlagSealLogoNickname(s): Niceville USA, Hartford of the West[1][2]Location within IowaDes MoinesLocation in IowaShow map of IowaDes MoinesLocation in the Un...

History of American Samoa

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: History of American Samoa – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Olosega native village 1896 The islands of Samoa were originally inhabited by humans as early as 1000 BC. After being invaded by E...

 

 

Westland Westminster

Westminster First prototype G-APLE at Farnborough 1958 Role Heavy-lift helicopterType of aircraft National origin United Kingdom Manufacturer Westland Aircraft First flight 15 June 1958 Status Cancelled Number built 2 The Westland Westminster was a British helicopter of the 1950s from Westland Aircraft. A large cargo design, it was powered by two turboshaft engines driving a single, five-bladed rotor. Initially unclad, the all-metal airframe was later enclosed in a fabric covering. Designed ...