Washing (photography)

In photography, washing is an important part of all film processing and printmaking processes. After materials have been fixed, washing removes unwanted and exhausted processing chemicals which, if left in situ, may cause deterioration and destruction of the image.[1]

A disadvantage of the use of thiosulfate as a fixer is its ability to dissolve elemental silver at a very slow rate. If films or papers are inadequately washed after fixing, any residual fixer can slowly bleach or stain the photographic image. For prints on high grade fibre papers, a period of continuous washing in clean, cold water for up to 40 minutes may be required. For modern plastic (resin) coated papers, washing for as little as 2 minutes in warm water can be sufficient to eliminate residual fixer. Washing aids (also called hypo clearing agents) can be used to make the process of removing fixer faster and more thorough.

A quick, water-saving, and archival technique for washing film fixed with nonhardening fixer in a spiral tank is the popular "Ilford method":[2]

  • Fill the developing tank with tap water at the same temperature as the fixer (+/-5 °C or 9°F)—maintaining a constant bath temperature during processing is necessary to avoid reticulation of the emulsion;
  • Invert the tank five times and drain it completely;
  • Fill the tank again, invert it ten times, and drain it completely;
  • Fill the tank again, invert it twenty times, and drain it completely.
  • The film is now washed.

More conventional darkroom practice recommends washing film for 30 minutes or longer, with a flow of water sufficient to change the water in the washing container at least three times. This is not needed when non-hardening fixers are used.

Over-washing can actually reduce the archival properties of film, as thiosulfate in very small concentrations has been shown to have a beneficial effect on film image stability.[3]

References

  1. ^ A.L.M. Sowerby, ed. (1961). Dictionary of Photography: A Reference Book for Amateur and Professional Photographers. London: Iliffe Books.
  2. ^ Ilford Rapid Fixer Fact Sheet, August 2002
  3. ^ "Washing". Silvergrain Research. Archived from the original on 1 February 2008. Retrieved 5 August 2013.


Stub icon

This photography-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Read other articles:

Katedral Hpa-an

Katedral Hpa-anGereja Katedral Santo Fransiskus Xaverius di Hpa-anKatedral Hpa-anLokasiHpa-anNegara MyanmarDenominasiGereja Katolik RomaSejarahDedikasiSanto Fransiskus XaveriusArsitekturStatusKatedralStatus fungsionalAktifAdministrasiKeuskupan AgungKeuskupan Hpa-an Katedral Hpa-an atau yang bernama lengkap Katedral Santo Fransiskus Xaverius adalah sebuah gereja katedral Katolik yang berada di Hpa-an, negara Myanmar. Katedral ini menjadi pusat kedudukan dan takhta episkopal bagi Keuskupan...

 

The Witches (novel)

1983 children's book by Roald Dahl The Witches First edition coverAuthorRoald DahlIllustratorQuentin BlakeCountryUnited KingdomGenreChildren's fantasyDark fantasyPublisherJonathan CapePublication date27 October 1983Media typePrintPages208AwardsWhitbread Book Award (1983)ISBN978-1101662977 The Witches is a 1983 children's novel by British author Roald Dahl. A dark fantasy, the story is set partly in Norway and partly in England, and features the experiences of a young English boy and his ...

 

Cilamaya Wetan, Karawang

Cilamaya WetanKecamatanPeta lokasi Kecamatan Cilamaya WetanNegara IndonesiaProvinsiJawa BaratKabupatenKarawangPemerintahan • CamatDrs. H HamdaniPopulasi • Total75.863 jiwaKode pos41384[1]Kode Kemendagri32.15.15 Kode BPS3215081 Luas69,36 km2Desa/kelurahan12 Cilamaya Wetan (aksara Sunda: ᮎᮤᮜᮙᮚ ᮝᮦᮒᮔ᮪) (atau disebut juga Cilamaya Timur) adalah sebuah kecamatan di Kabupaten Karawang, Provinsi Jawa Barat, Indonesia . Dulu sebelum terjadi peme...

BoBoiBoy

Untuk karakter BoBoiBoy, lihat BoBoiBoy (karakter). BoBoiBoyLogo BoBoiBoyGenreAksi, komedi, petualanganPembuatNizam RazakPengembangAnimonsta StudiosDitulis olehNizam RazakMuhammad Anas Abdul AzizSutradaraNizam Razak (musim 1)Yap Ee Jean, Dzubir Mohamed Zakaria (musim 2)Pengisi suaraNur Fathiah DiazYap Ee JeanSarah Alisya Zainal RashidDzubir Mohamed ZakariaMuhammad Anas Abdul AzizMuhammad Fathi DiazNizam RazakYvonne Chong Shin VunWong Wai KayPenggubah lagu temaYuri Wong, Jonathan Lee (musik ta...

 

العلاقات الإيرانية الكندية

العلاقات الإيرانية الكندية إيران كندا   إيران   كندا تعديل مصدري - تعديل   لا توجد أي علاقات دبلوماسية رسمية بين كندا وإيران منذ عام 2012. تُقدم الخدمات القنصلية وخدمات جوازات السفر الكندية من خلال البعثات الدبلوماسية الكندية في دول الشرق الأوسط الأخرى، بينما تح...

 

Dublin High School (California)

This article about school may require cleanup. Please review editing advice and help improve this article. (October 2021) Parts of this article (those related to Response to the COVID-19 pandemic) need to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (October 2023)Public high school in California, United States Dublin High SchoolDHS Math & Science BuildingLocation8151 Village Parkway Dublin, California 94568 United StatesCoordinates37...

Gut–brain axis

Biochemical signaling between the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system Not to be confused with neuraxis. Gut–brain axis overview[1] Part of a series onMicrobiomes Plant microbiomes Endosphere Phyllosphere Rhizosphere laimosphere root microbiome soil microbiome spermosphere Marine microbiomes Seagrass Coral Cetacean Marine microbial symbiosis Human microbiomes Human milk Fecal transplant Gut–brain axis Placental Salivary Uterine Necrobiome Other microbiomes Mycobio...

 

Vermont Lunar CubeSat

CubeSat satellite Vermont Lunar CubeSatMission typeTechnologyOperatorVermont Technical CollegeCOSPAR ID2013-064AD SATCAT no.39407 Spacecraft propertiesManufacturerVermont Technical CollegeLaunch mass1 kilogram (2.2 lb) Start of missionLaunch dateNovember 20, 2013, 01:15 (2013-11-20UTC01:15Z) UTC[1]RocketMinotaur ILaunch siteMARS LP-0B End of missionDisposalDeorbitedDecay dateNovember 21, 2015 (2015-11-21) Orbital parametersReference systemGeocentricR...

 

Jimmy Winston

British musician (1945–2020) Jimmy WinstonWinston in 1965Background informationBirth nameJames Edward Winston LangwithBorn(1945-04-20)20 April 1945Stratford, London, EnglandDied26 September 2020(2020-09-26) (aged 75)Occupation(s)InstrumentalistsingersongwriteractorInstrument(s) Guitar keyboards vocals LabelsDeccaRCANemsMusical artist James Edward Winston Langwith (20 April 1945 – 26 September 2020), known professionally as Jimmy Winston, was an English musician and actor. He was the ...

Pembagian administratif Qatar

Peta munisipalitas Qatar Pembagian administratif Qatar pada tingkat pertama adalah delapan munisipalitas (بلدية, baladiyah). Untuk keperluan statistik, munisipalitas ini dibagi lagi menjadi 98 zona. Tiap zona selanjutnya dibagi ke dalam distrik dan blok. lbsPembagian administratif AsiaNegaraberdaulat Afganistan Arab Saudi Armenia1 Azerbaijan1 Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Filipina Georgia1 India Indonesia Irak Iran Israel Jepang Kamboja Kazakhstan3 Kirgizstan Korea Selatan Korea Utara...

 

BFM Normandie

Pour les articles homonymes, voir BFM. BFM NormandieLogo de BFM NormandieCaractéristiquesCréation 28 septembre 2022Propriétaire Altice MédiaSlogan La chaîne info 100% NormandieFormat d'image 16/9, 576i (SD), 1080i (HD)Langue FrançaisPays FranceStatut Chaîne d'information localeSiège social RouenChaîne sœur Chaînes BFM Régions, BFM TV, BFM Business, RMC Découverte, RMC Story, RMC Sport, Tech & CoSite web www.bfmtv.com/normandieDiffusionAnalogique  NonNumérique  Oui...

 

Европейская сардина

Европейская сардина Научная классификация Домен:ЭукариотыЦарство:ЖивотныеПодцарство:ЭуметазоиБез ранга:Двусторонне-симметричныеБез ранга:ВторичноротыеТип:ХордовыеПодтип:ПозвоночныеИнфратип:ЧелюстноротыеГруппа:Костные рыбыКласс:Лучепёрые рыбыПодкласс:Новопёры...

Dynamite Warrior

Dynamite WarriorPoster bioskop ThailandSutradaraChalerm WongpimProduserPrachya PinkaewPemeranDan ChupongPanna RittikraiDistributorSahamongkol Film InternationalMagnolia PicturesTanggal rilis 21 Desember 2006 (2006-12-21) NegaraThailandBahasaThai Dynamite Warrior (Thai: ฅนไฟบินcode: th is deprecated (modern: คนไฟบิน), alih aks. Khon Fai Bin) adalah film koboi seni bela diri Thailand tahun 2006 yang disutradarai oleh Chalerm Wongpim dan dibintangi Dan Chupo...

 

Individual and group rights

Notion of rights of individuals and collective rights Rights Theoretical distinctions Claim rights and liberty rights Individual and group rights Natural rights and legal rights Negative and positive rights Human rights Civil and political Economic, social and cultural Three generations Rights by beneficiary Accused Animals Children Consumers Creditors Deaf Disabled Elders Farmers Fetuses Humans Indigenous Intersex Kings LGBT Transgender Men Minorities Parents Fathers Mothers Patients Peasant...

 

Guérande

Guérandecomune (dettagli) Guérande – Veduta LocalizzazioneStato Francia Regione Paesi della Loira Dipartimento Loira Atlantica ArrondissementSaint-Nazaire CantoneGuérande TerritorioCoordinate47°20′N 2°26′W / 47.333333°N 2.433333°W47.333333; -2.433333 (Guérande)Coordinate: 47°20′N 2°26′W / 47.333333°N 2.433333°W47.333333; -2.433333 (Guérande) Superficie81,57 km² Abitanti16 214[1] (2009) Densità198,77 a...

1951 Baden-Württemberg referendum

1951 referendum held in South Baden, Württemberg-Baden and Württemberg-Hohenzollern 1951 Baden-Württemberg referendum and merge December 9, 1951 (1951-12-09) Results Choice Votes % For merger 1,748,136 69.74% For restoring the old states 758,518 30.26% Valid votes 2,506,654 98.68% Invalid or blank votes 33,645 1.32% Total votes 2,540,299 100.00% Registered voters/turnout 4,287,797 59.24% Red indicates districts with a majority in favour of the merger, while Blue indicates di...

 

Ū (Indic)

Letter Ū in Indic scripts ŪExample glyphsBengali–AssameseTibetanཨཱུTamilThaiูMalayalamഊSinhalaඌAshoka BrahmiDevanagari CognatesHebrewוGreekϜ (Ϛ), Υ (Ȣ)LatinF, V, U, W, Y, ℲCyrillicЅ, У (Ꙋ), Ѵ, ЮPropertiesPhonemic representation/uː/IAST transliterationū ŪISCII code pointA9 (169) This article contains uncommon Unicode characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of the intend...

 

Neobatrachia

Neobatrachia Обыкновенная квакша Научная классификация Домен:ЭукариотыЦарство:ЖивотныеПодцарство:ЭуметазоиБез ранга:Двусторонне-симметричныеБез ранга:ВторичноротыеТип:ХордовыеПодтип:ПозвоночныеИнфратип:ЧелюстноротыеНадкласс:ЧетвероногиеКласс:ЗемноводныеПодкласс:Б�...

美国众议院

此條目需要补充更多来源。 (2021年7月4日)请协助補充多方面可靠来源以改善这篇条目，无法查证的内容可能會因為异议提出而被移除。致使用者：请搜索一下条目的标题（来源搜索：美国众议院 — 网页、新闻、书籍、学术、图像），以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源（判定指引）。 美國眾議院 United States House of Representatives第118届美国国会众议院徽章 众议院旗...

 

Supplementary hypothesis

Theory explaining the origins of the Torah *  Original independent source, D, written c. 600 BCE, includes most of Deuteronomy. ** Written c. 540 BCE as a response and reformulation to the D source. *** Written c. 400 BCE and largely a redactor of J. In biblical studies, the supplementary hypothesis proposes that the Pentateuch (the first five books of the Bible) was derived from a series of direct additions to an existing corpus of work.[1] It serves as a revision to the earlier...