Vani Hari

Vani Hari
Hari in 2012
Born
Vani Deva Hari

(1979-03-22) March 22, 1979 (age 45)
Charlotte, North Carolina, U.S.
Alma materUniversity of North Carolina at Charlotte[1]
Occupation(s)Blogger, author, speaker, affiliate marketer
Known forFood activism
Websitewww.foodbabe.com

Vani Deva Hari (born March 22, 1979), who blogs as the Food Babe, is an American author, activist, and affiliate marketer who criticizes the food industry.[2] She started the Food Babe blog in 2011, and it received over 54 million views in 2014.[3]

She is a New York Times best-selling author,[4] and companies such as Chick-fil-A and Kraft[5][6][7] may have changed or reconsidered ingredients in their products following her campaigns.[8]

Hari's ideas on food safety have been criticized by scientists as pseudoscience[3][9][10] and chemophobia,[11] and others have drawn attention to her financial interest through promotion and marketing of natural foods.[2][12][13]

Career

Born in Charlotte, North Carolina to Indian immigrant parents from Punjab, India,[14][15] Hari first attended the University of Georgia before transferring to University of North Carolina at Charlotte. After graduating in 2001 with a degree in computer science, she worked as a management consultant for Accenture.[16] In her early 20s, Hari was hospitalized with appendicitis.[14][17] In response, she began looking into health and nutrition issues.[2] She started the Food Babe blog in 2011, and left Accenture in 2012 to devote her time to activism and blogging, as well as marketing dietary and other products.[2] By 2014, her blog was receiving over 54 million views.[3][18] Hari has over 97,000 Twitter followers, and an official Facebook page with over one million likes. She refers to her followers and supporters as the "Food Babe Army."[19][20]

Hari has capitalised on her following by selling books, subscriptions to her eating guide,[12] meal plans, products through which she gains affiliate commissions,[21][22][2] and through marketing her own line of supplements under the Truvani brand.[23] Critics argue that the controversy she engenders through her activism helps drive sales through her site.[12]

Activism

In 2011, Hari wrote a piece about ingredients in Chick-fil-A sandwiches which she alleged to be harmful. Chick-fil-A responded to Hari's post in May 2012, inviting her to its headquarters in Atlanta to discuss her concerns. As part of a larger effort to improve the nutrition of their products, Chick-fil-A announced in late 2013 it was removing dyes, corn syrup, and TBHQ from their products. They also announced a plan to only use antibiotic-free chickens within the next five years.[8]

Hari has said that President Barack Obama did not keep a promise that he made during his 2008 presidential campaign to force the labeling of genetically modified food (GMOs).[24] During the 2012 Democratic National Convention, which she attended as an elected delegate, Hari sat in the first row on the convention floor and held a sign that read "Label GMOs!" during Secretary of Agriculture Tom Vilsack's speech.[24][25][26]

In 2012, Hari wrote a blog post regarding Chipotle[27] describing her quest to get clear answers about what Chipotle used in their food, saying: "Most of their food was contaminated with genetically modified cooking oil, corn oil, and they were using genetically modified ingredients in their tortillas. Even in the black beans there was GMO soybean oil. You couldn't even order vegetarian and avoid it. It was really unfortunate. Then, when I saw their flour tortillas' package, it said that they use trans-fat. That's crazy."[27] After she published her blog post, Chipotle set up a meeting with Hari where she urged them to publish their ingredients publicly.[27] In March 2013, Chipotle's Communications Director emailed Hari with a link to a new page on Chipotle's website with the ingredients in all of their menu items, along with a statement on the sidebar, "Our goal is to eliminate GMOs from Chipotle's ingredients, and we're working hard to meet this challenge."[27][28] In April 2015, Chipotle followed up on their commitment to remove GMO ingredients from their food and became the first national restaurant chain to use only non-GMO ingredients.[29]

In March 2013, Hari posted her first petition on Change.org asking Kraft Foods to remove FD&C yellow#5 and FD&C yellow#6 food dyes from their Mac & Cheese. On April 1, 2013, Hari visited Kraft headquarters in Chicago bringing along a petition with over 270,000 signatures and met with executives.[6] Following Hari's visit, Kraft told ABC News Chicago they have "no plans to change the recipe for the original mac and cheese,"[30] and "...the safety and quality of our products is our highest priority and we take consumer concerns very seriously. We carefully follow the laws and regulations in the countries where our products are sold."[31] Hari replied, "People have tried to petition the FDA over and over and it hasn't worked. The best way to create change is to hold the food companies responsible." While the dyes are legal in the U.S., Kraft uses a different formula in the United Kingdom without artificial dyes.[31] By the end of October 2013 the petition had received about 348,000 signatures.[7] In October 2013, Kraft announced they would change the ingredients in three of its Mac & Cheese products aimed at children, which included the use of whole grains, reduction in salt and some fats, and changing the coloring; Kraft said that the changes were not a response to the petition but rather were part of an ongoing effort to improve the nutrition of the offerings, which takes several years to plan and implement.[7][8] Hari claimed credit for the changes.[7] In April 2015, Kraft further announced that they will remove artificial dyes and artificial preservatives from all of its Mac & Cheese products by 2016.[5][32]

In 2013, Hari wrote about the use of class IV caramel color in Newcastle Brown Ale on her blog and put public pressure on them to drop this ingredient.[33] In January 2015, Heineken announced that they would stop adding class IV caramel color to their Newcastle Brown Ale, and would instead color it naturally with the same roasted malt they had previously used.[33] Heineken's announcement came just prior to the release of her book, The Food Babe Way (February 10, 2015), that devotes a chapter to the ingredients—including caramel coloring—in some beers, wines, and liquors.[33]

In February 2014, Hari launched a petition on her website asking Subway to remove azodicarbonamide (an FDA-approved flour bleaching agent and dough conditioner)[34] from their sandwich bread. The petition gathered more than 50,000 signatures in 24 hours.[35] Subway later announced a plan to remove the ingredient from all of their sandwich breads, a process which began before her campaign.[36][37] The Center For Science In The Public Interest, who advocates for its reduction, credited Hari for drawing attention to it.[38] The Environmental Working Group supported the removal of azodicarbonamide and urged against its use.[39] Food science experts have pointed out that the level of azodicarbonamide permitted by the FDA for use in bread is too low to pose a significant risk.[38][40][41]

In June 2014, Hari posted a petition asking major brewers to list the ingredients in their products,[42] something which U.S. brewers are not required to do.[43] As part of this campaign, she claimed that commercial brewers "even use fish swim bladders" in their beer, as an undisclosed ingredient. NPR cited this as an example of fearmongering and lack of subject matter knowledge, as isinglass, derived from fish swim bladders, has been used as a natural fining agent in food and drink for centuries, and is in any case used primarily in cask ale, not vat-brewed beers, which are normally cleared by filtering.[44] The day after she posted her petition, Anheuser-Busch and MillerCoors released ingredients in many of their products.[45] The trade publication Beer Marketer's Insights called Hari's petition an "attempt of fear-mongering in the name of advocacy."[43] Hari later claimed that she was aware of the historic use of isinglass, and was raising attention to it for the benefit of uninformed vegans and vegetarians. In October 2015 Guinness announced that they are stopping the use of isinglass in their refining process so that their beer will become vegan-friendly.[46]

In August 2014, Hari wrote a blog post in which she claimed there is a lack of transparency when it comes to the ingredients in Starbucks' drinks.[47] She noted that Starbucks doesn't publish their ingredients online and pointed out the use of class IV caramel color and the lack of real pumpkin in Starbucks's Pumpkin Spice Latte.[48] This blog post received over 10 million views in 2014, and in the fall of 2015 Starbucks debuted a reformulated Pumpkin Spice Latte with real pumpkin and without caramel color.[49] Hari took credit for this change, claiming to have emailed them monthly for updates.[47]

On February 5, 2015, Hari launched a petition on her website asking General Mills and Kellogg's to remove the preservative butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) from their cereals.[50] The additive has been widely used in cereal packaging in the U.S. for many years. BHT has to be listed as an ingredient on food labels, and some consumer-protection advocates like the Environmental Working Group have advised people to avoid it when possible.[51] Cereals marketed in Europe by General Mills and Kellogg's do not contain the additive. Hari's petition received over 30,000 signatures in 24 hours.[50] On February 5, 2015, General Mills released a statement that they would be removing BHT from their cereal, stating, "This change is not for safety reasons, but because we think consumers will embrace it. We've never spoken with Vani Hari and she did not play any role in our decision," and "...our removal of BHT from cereals is well underway and has been for more than a year."[52]

In August 2015, Hari campaigned Subway in conjunction with Natural Resources Defense Council, Friends of the Earth, the Center for Food Safety, and the U.S. Public Interest Research Group to commit to buying meat produced without the routine use of antibiotics and to provide a timeline for doing so.[53][54] In October 2015, Subway announced they would transition to chicken raised without antibiotics in 2016 and turkey within the following 2–3 years, and would also transition beef and pork raised without antibiotics by 2025.[53][55]

Her petition about Kraft's ingredients received over 365,000 signatures, and her Subway petition received over 50,000 signatures in the first 24 hours.[18][56] Her site had a reported 52 million visitors in 2014 and over 3 million unique visitors per month.[18][56]

In March 2015, Time named Hari among "The 30 Most Influential People on the Internet".[57]

Books

The Food Babe Way

Hari's first book, The Food Babe Way, was released February 10, 2015. The book was #4 on the New York Times bestseller list for March 1, 2015 in the "Advice, How-To & Miscellaneous" section. It remained on the list for five weeks.[58] It also appeared as #1 for nonfiction on the Wall Street Journal bestseller list for the week ending February 15, 2015.[59][60]

Feeding You Lies

Hari released her second book, Feeding You Lies: How to Unravel the Food Industry's Playbook and Reclaim Your Health, in February 2019. The book appeared on the Wall Street Journal bestseller list for the week ending February 23, 2019.[61] The Daily Beast also listed it amongst 12 Best Selling Books Published in February 2019.[62]

Reception

Hari has received wide criticism concerning the accuracy, consistency, and presentation of her many claims.

Hari is a former management consultant who has a degree in computer science, and has no expertise in nutrition or food science.[63] In response to criticisms that she lacks training in these fields, Hari has stated, "I never claimed to be a nutritionist. I'm an investigator."[16][44] According to horticultural scientist Kevin Folta, Hari's lack of training often leads her to misinterpret peer-reviewed research and technical details about food chemistry, nutrition, and health.[44] Chemist Joseph A. Schwarcz also criticizes her lack of scientific knowledge, saying: "It isn't hard to deconstruct her arguments. Most of them are so silly. Her basic tenet is guilt by association."[16]

Cheryl Wischhover, a freelance Beauty/Health/Fitness writer in Elle described Hari's tactics as "manipulative", "sneaky", and "polarizing rather than productive." Wischhover also wrote about cases of Hari deleting and failing to acknowledge past articles, and stated "The fact that she tried to 'disappear' these stories makes me distrust and discredit anything else she has to say, and it's mindboggling that others still take her seriously."[64] In December 2014, a National Public Radio article compared her activism to fear mongering.[44] A 2015 Slate article described her writings as using "malicious metonymy" to be deceptive.[65] Referring to the whole food movement, Marion Nestle, professor of nutrition, food studies, and public health at New York University, says Hari "gives the movement a bad name" and prefers Hari focus on more important issues.[66]

Yvette d'Entremont, science writer and former analytical chemist, writing for Gawker, criticized the lack of scientific support for Hari's claims, and described her writing as "the worst assault on science on the internet".[67][68]

Following d'Entremont's article, Marion Nestle stated that d'Entremont's criticisms were "valid scientifically", and that "the difficulty with the kinds of compounds that Vani Hari has been dealing with is that they're present in the food supply in very small amounts, and therefore it's very hard to test whether small amounts are harmful or not harmful, so the science is uncertain, it's nuanced, it's very hard to talk about." Her concern with Hari is that she "turns these things into something that's black or white—very easy for people to understand, but not necessarily accurate."[66]

Hari has also been accused of banning dissenters from the Food Babe LLC social media accounts in order to create an echo chamber.[67][69] Social media groups for people who have been banned by Hari have sprung up as a result of these tactics.[67][70]

Promotion of pseudoscience

Hari has been criticized by scientists and others for promoting pseudoscience.[9][10][63] Kevin Folta has accused Hari of being "afraid of scientific engagement". Folta stated that while her campaigns have been driven by "honest intention", they had the effect of spreading scientific disinformation.[44] Chemistry professor Joseph A. Schwarcz, director of McGill University's Office for Science and Society states Hari "has no understanding of chemistry or food science" and that "her scientific background is nonexistent".[12][71] He describes azodicarbonamide, a chemical Hari opposes the usage of, as being safe for use in food but unessential.[72] In 2015 skeptic Brian Dunning listed FoodBabe.com as #7 on a "Top 10 Worst Anti-Science Websites" list.[73] Following her beer campaign, David Gorski, a surgeon, stated that she was "peddling pseudoscience" by portraying the chemicals used in the making of beer as dangerous.[63][74]

In a July 2012 post (which has since been removed), Hari quoted the ideas of Masaru Emoto that microwave ovens cause water molecules to form crystals that resemble crystals exposed to negative thoughts or beliefs, such as when the words "Hitler" and "Satan" were exposed to the water.[75] Steven Novella calls Emoto's claims "pure pseudoscience" and states that "Hari's conclusions about microwaves[76] are all demonstrably incorrect and at odds with the scientific evidence".[77] She later described the post as not her "most impressive piece of work" and noted that it was written when she had first started blogging. In a widely discredited[78] 2011 post, Hari warned readers that the air pumped into aircraft cabins was not pure oxygen, complaining it was "mixed with nitrogen, sometimes almost at 50 per cent" despite ambient air being 78% nitrogen. Hari deleted the post, later claiming it contained an "inadvertent error".[64][79][80]

In an October 2011 blog post, Hari claimed getting the flu is not dangerous but getting a flu shot is,[16] and the following day tweeted that flu vaccines have been "used as a genocide tool in the past". The tweet was subsequently deleted.[3][81][82] Hari's position was criticized as false and dangerous by the American Council on Science and Health.[83]

In The Food Babe Way, Hari states: "There is just no acceptable level of any chemical to ingest, ever." This quote was noted by The Atlantic in its review of the book,[17] used as a pull quote, and criticised at length. The statement was widely commented on by public organizations promoting science, such as McGill University's Office for Science and Society[84] and the American Council on Science and Health.[83]

Financial interests

In an article in Bloomberg Businessweek, Duane D. Stanford wrote that Hari has an apparent financial interest by generating controversy in order to draw traffic to her website to increase ad sales and drive readers to buy a subscription to her organic Eating Guide, which Hari says is her primary source of revenue.[12] Hari's critics have drawn attention to her affiliated marketing partnerships with organic and non-GMO brands from which she profits by recommending them over mainstream brands.[44]

A 2015 article in Skeptical Inquirer details products Hari declares as having toxic ingredients while Hari promotes and receives sales commissions for products containing the same or similar ingredients.[13] Hari's claims of toxicity have been dismissed by experts in science and medicine as incorrect or exaggerated.[13] Hari in the past removed a product from her site when attention was drawn to it as containing chemicals she has spoken against, a body scrub called Fresh, which contained butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). However, Hari claims that BHT is not as toxic if applied to skin as opposed to ingested.[85]

Personal life

Vani Hari is married to Finley Clarke. They have 3 kids.[16]

See also

References

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Lebuh Wadi Ehsan, Putrajaya

Road in Malaysia Lebuh Wadi EhsanRoute informationExisted1997–presentHistoryCompleted in 2003Major junctionsNorth endLebuh Seri Setia interchangeMajor intersectionsPersiaran TimurPersiaran SelatanSouth endPersiaran Selatan interchange LocationCountryMalaysiaPrimarydestinationsPutrajaya Highway system Highways in Malaysia Expressways Federal State Lebuh Wadi Ehsan is a major highway in Putrajaya, Malaysia.[1] It connects Lebuh Seri Setia interchange in the north to Persiara...

 

 

Strawberry

Edible fruit For other species of strawberry, see Fragaria. For other uses, see Strawberry (disambiguation). StrawberryFragaria × ananassa Strawberry fruit Halved strawberry Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Rosids Order: Rosales Family: Rosaceae Genus: Fragaria Species: F. × ananassa Binomial name Fragaria × ananassaDuchesne The garden strawberry (or simply strawberry; Fragaria × ananassa)[1] is ...

 

 

Zhao Ziyang

Zhao Ziyang 赵紫阳 Perdana Menteri Republik Rakyat Tiongkok ke-3Masa jabatanJuni 1983 – November 1987 PendahuluHua GuofengPenggantiLi Peng Informasi pribadiLahir17 Oktober 1919 Huaxian, Henan, Republik TiongkokMeninggal17 Januari 2005(2005-01-17) (umur 85) Beijing, Republik Rakyat TiongkokKebangsaanRRTPartai politikPartai Komunis TiongkokSunting kotak info • L • B Zhao Ziyang (Hanzi sederhana: 赵紫阳, Hanzi tradisional: 趙紫陽, Hanyu Pinyin: Zhào Zǐyá...

Dysfonction érectile

Dysfonction érectile Données clés Traitement Traitement Psychothérapie Médicament Yohimbine, papavérine, méthyltestostérone (en), ginseng (en), sildenafil citrate (d), Sildénafil, vardénafil et Tadalafil Spécialité Urologie, psychiatrie, psychologie et sexologie Classification et ressources externes CISP-2 Y07 CIM-10 F52.2, N48.4 CIM-9 302.72, 607.84 DiseasesDB 21555 MedlinePlus 003164 eMedicine 444220 MeSH D007172 Patient UK Erectile-dysfunction Mise en garde médicale modifier ...

 

 

Regina

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Regina (homonymie). Regina De haut en bas et de gauche à droite : panorama de la basse-ville de Régina, le parc Victoria, le parlement de la Saskatchewan, l'ancienne Poste, la bibliothèque Dr John Archer, le musée royal de la Saskatchewan, l'édifice gouvernemental du Dominion. Floreat Regina Administration Pays Canada Province Saskatchewan Statut municipal Cité Mairesse Sandra Masters Fondateur Edgar Dewdney Constitution Juin 1882 Démographie Gen...

 

 

周處除三害 (電影)

周處除三害The Pig, The Snake and The Pigeon正式版海報基本资料导演黃精甫监制李烈黃江豐動作指導洪昰顥编剧黃精甫主演阮經天袁富華陳以文王淨李李仁謝瓊煖配乐盧律銘林孝親林思妤保卜摄影王金城剪辑黃精甫林雍益制片商一種態度電影股份有限公司片长134分鐘产地 臺灣语言國語粵語台語上映及发行上映日期 2023年10月6日 (2023-10-06)（台灣） 2023年11月2日 (2023-11-02)（香�...

2016年美國總統選舉

2016年美國總統選舉 ← 2012 2016年11月8日 2020 → 538個選舉人團席位獲勝需270票民意調查投票率55.7%[1][2] ▲ 0.8 %   获提名人 唐納·川普 希拉莉·克林頓 政党 共和黨 民主党 家鄉州 紐約州 紐約州 竞选搭档 迈克·彭斯 蒂姆·凱恩 选举人票 304[3][4][註 1] 227[5] 胜出州/省 30 + 緬-2 20 + DC 民選得票 62,984,828[6] 65,853,514[6]...

 

 

HKT48

HKT48Logo HKT48Informasi latar belakangAsal Fukuoka, JepangGenreJ-PopTahun aktif2011 (2011)–sekarangLabelUniversal Sigma (2013- )Artis terkaitAKB48SKE48NMB48NGT48JKT48TPE48SNH48Situs webwww.hkt48.jp HKT48 adalah grup idola yang berbasis di Hakata, Fukuoka, Jepang.[1] Grup idola ini dibentuk pada tahun 2011 oleh produser Yasushi Akimoto sebagai grup saudari ketiga dari AKB48.[2][3] Karier Rencana pembentukan HKT48 diumumkan dalam acara bersalaman AKB48 yang diada...

 

 

吴桂贤

吴桂贤（1938年2月16日—）[1]，女，河南巩义人，中华人民共和国工人、政治人物，中共第九至十一届中央委员，第十届中央政治局候补委员。曾任中华人民共和国国务院副总理（1975年1月至1977年9月），也是中国的首位女性副总理，亦是中國最年輕的副總理。西北大学毕业，1958年加入中国共产党，曾被评为中国纺织系统的劳动模范。 生平 家庭出身 1938年，吴桂贤出生�...

Pro Energi

Artikel ini terlalu bergantung pada referensi dari sumber primer. Mohon perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan sumber sekunder atau tersier. (Pelajari cara dan kapan saatnya untuk menghapus pesan templat ini) Artikel ini membutuhkan rujukan tambahan agar kualitasnya dapat dipastikan. Mohon bantu kami mengembangkan artikel ini dengan cara menambahkan rujukan ke sumber tepercaya. Pernyataan tak bersumber bisa saja dipertentangkan dan dihapus.Cari sumber: Pro Energi – berita...

 

 

أطلانطس

أطلانطسمعلومات عامةجزء من ميثولوجيا إغريقية موجود بالقرب من المسطح المائي المحيط الأطلسي[1] موجود في عمل The Time Stealer (en) [2]عشرون ألف فرسخ تحت الماءالماسة الزرقاء تعديل - تعديل مصدري - تعديل ويكي بيانات خارطة أثناسيوس كيرشر عن جزيرة اطلنطس في وسط المحيط الأطلسي. من موند...

 

 

Municipal Liberia

Municipal LiberiaDatos generalesNombre Asociación Deportiva Municipal LiberiaApodo(s) Coyotes PamperosLiberianosLos de la Ciudad BlancaFundación 7 de junio de 1977 (47 años)Refundación 1 de mayo de 2011 (13 años)Propietario(s) Grupo Eusse[1]​Presidente Wilder EusseEntrenador Minor DíazInstalacionesEstadio Edgardo BaltodanoCapacidad 6000 espectadoresUbicación Liberia, Guanacaste, Costa RicaInauguración 11 de septiembre de 1977 (46 años) Titular Alternativo Última...

UFC Fight Night: Machida vs. Dollaway

UFC Fight Night: Machida vs. DollawayProdotto daUltimate Fighting Championship Data20 dicembre 2014 Città Barueri, Brasile SedeGinásio José Corrêa Cronologia pay-per-viewUFC on Fox: dos Santos vs. MiocicUFC Fight Night: Machida vs. DollawayUFC 182: Jones vs. Cormier Progetto Wrestling Manuale UFC Fight Night: Machida vs. Dollaway è stato un evento di arti marziali miste tenuto dalla Ultimate Fighting Championship svolto il 20 dicembre 2014 al Ginásio José Corrêa di Barueri, Brasile.&#...

 

 

Bedchester

Hamlet in Dorset, England Human settlement in EnglandBedchesterBedchesterBedchesterLocation within DorsetOS grid referenceST852175Civil parishFontmell MagnaDistrictNorth DorsetShire countyDorsetRegionSouth WestCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townSHAFTESBURYPostcode districtSP7Dialling code01747PoliceDorsetFireDorset and WiltshireAmbulanceSouth Western UK ParliamentNorth Dorset List of places UK England Dorset 50°57′22″N 2°12′40″W&#x...

 

 

Teberda

Town in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, Russia 43°26′38″N 41°44′43″E / 43.44389°N 41.74528°E / 43.44389; 41.74528 View of Teberda Teberda (Russian: Теберда́, Karachay-Balkar: Теберди, Teberdi) is a town under the administrative jurisdiction of the town of republic significance of Karachayevsk in the Karachay–Cherkess Republic, Russia, located in the Caucasus Mountains 105 kilometers (65 mi) south of Cherkessk at the elevation of about ...

Aa Gaya Hero

2017 Indian filmAa Gaya HeroPromotional posterDirected byDipankar Senapati Dinesh Chand Meena (DCM)Written byGovindaProduced byGovindaStarringGovinda Ashutosh Rana Murali Sharma Makarand Deshpande Chandrachur SinghHarish Kumar Shekhar Kant JhaMusic byMeet Bros Vicky & Hardik Arghya BanerjeeProductioncompanyMangal Tara T.V & FilmsDistributed byParas MaanRelease date 17 March 2017 (2017-03-17)[1] CountryIndiaLanguageHindiBudget₹ 8.50 crores[2]Box office...

 

 

Skyros

Island in Greece Skiros redirects here. For the town of ancient Arcadia, see Skiros (Arcadia). Municipality in GreeceSkyros ΣκύροςMunicipalityChoraSkyrosLocation within the region Coordinates: 38°52′21″N 24°31′30″E / 38.87250°N 24.52500°E / 38.87250; 24.52500CountryGreeceAdministrative regionCentral GreeceRegional unitEuboeaArea • Municipality223.10 km2 (86.14 sq mi)Highest elevation792 m (2,598 ft)Lowest ...

 

 

3DES

3DES   المطورون آي‌ بي‌ إم  تاريخ النشر 1999  اشتقت من معيار تشفير البيانات  تعديل مصدري - تعديل   3DES أو Triple DES هي خوارزمية تشفير كتل وقد ظهرت على أنها بديل للخوارزمية DES التي كانت رائجة وامنة ولكن وبعد أن أُخترقت كان هناك حاجة لبديل ولعل العيب الأساسي في DES هو ان طول م...

Għar Għerduf catacombs

Christian catacombs in Gozo, Malta Għar Għerduf catacombsAlternative nameGħar GerdufLocationTriq ta' Xuxa, KerċemCoordinates36°02′31″N 14°13′55″E / 36.041966°N 14.232076°E / 36.041966; 14.232076TypeCatacombsSite notesOwnershipPublicPublic accessLimited The Għar Għerduf catacombs at Ta' Kerċem, also known as Għar Gerduf, are the only surviving early Christian catacombs or paleochristian hypogea in Gozo, Malta.[1] Għar Għerduf is a...

 

 

Troyes

Prefecture and commune in Grand Est, France You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (December 2008) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the French article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting ma...