United States L-class submarine

	USS L-1 (SS-40) lead ship of her class during running trials.
Class overview
Name	L class
Builders	Electric Boat (EB),; Fore River Shipbuilding Company, Quincy, Massachusetts (L-1 to L-4, L-9 to L-11); Lake Torpedo Boat Company, Bridgeport, Connecticut (L-5); California Shipbuilding Co., Long Beach, California (L-6 & L-7); Portsmouth Navy Yard, Kittery, Maine (L-8);
Operators	United States Navy
Preceded by	K class
Succeeded by	USS M-1
Built	1914–1917
In commission	1916–1923
Completed	11
Retired	11
Preserved	0
General characteristics
Type	Submarine
Displacement	EB design:; 450 long tons (457 t) surfaced; 548 long tons (557 t) submerged; Lake design:; 451 long tons (458 t) surfaced; 527 long tons (535 t) submerged;
Length	EB design: 168 ft 5 in (51.33 m); Lake design: 165 ft (50 m);
Beam	EB design: 17 ft 4 in (5.28 m); Lake design: 14 ft 9 in (4.50 m);
Draft	EB design: 13 ft 7 in (4.14 m); Lake design: 13 ft 3 in (4.04 m);
Installed power	EB design:; 1,300 hp (970 kW) (diesel engines),; 800 hp (600 kW) (electric motors); Lake design:; 1,200 hp (890 kW) (diesel engines),; 800 hp (600 kW) (electric motors);
Propulsion	Diesel-electric; EB design:; 2 × NELSECO Diesel engines,; 2 × Electro Dynamic electric motors,; 2 × 60-cell batteries,; 2 × shafts; Lake design:; 2 × Busch-Sulzer Diesel engines,; 2 × Diehl electric motors,; 1 × 120-cell batteries,; 2 × shafts;
Speed	14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph) surfaced; 10.5 knots (19.4 km/h; 12.1 mph) submerged;
Range	4,500 nmi (8,300 km) at 7 kn (13 km/h; 8.1 mph) (surfaced); 150 nmi (280 km) at 5 kn (9.3 km/h; 5.8 mph) (submerged);
Test depth	200 ft (61 m)
Complement	28 officers and men
Armament	4 × 18 inch (450 mm) torpedo tubes, 8 torpedoes; 1 × 3"/23 caliber retractable deck gun (gun on EB design only);

The United States L-class submarines were a class of 11 coastal defense submarines built 1914–1917, and were the most modern and capable submarines available to United States Navy when the country entered World War I. Despite being considered a successful design by the USN, war experience in European waters demonstrated that the boats lacked the range, speed, and endurance to conduct extended patrols in the North Atlantic.^[2]

Design

These submarines were built to two distinctly different designs at four separate shipyards.^[3] The Electric Boat Company (EB) of New York City (later Groton, Connecticut) went the route they followed with previous designs and simply scaled up their standard single hull, spindle shaped, twin propeller, axial rudder design to meet the requirements of the Navy. They were contracted for L-1 through L-4 and L-9 through L-11, and these would be built at EB's sub-contractor Fore River Shipbuilding Co. in Quincy, Massachusetts.^[4] For the first time EB did away with the rotating bow cap for the torpedo tube muzzle doors. It was replaced by individual faired-in shutter doors that would later become a standard design feature.^[5] Simon Lake's Lake Torpedo Boat Company returned to fold and submitted a very different design that would become L-5 through L-8. These boats were similar in size and capability to the EB design, but they had a ventrally mounted rudder and propeller shafts, a watertight superstructure to aid in surface buoyancy, and different engines and motors. They also had three sets of amidships mounted diving planes, as opposed to EB's standard bow and stern planes.^[6] The only one of the four that would actually be built at Lake's Bridgeport, Connecticut yard was L-5. The Navy wanted some of the boats built at a west coast shipyard, so Lake sub-contracted with the Craig Shipbuilding Company of Long Beach, California to build L-6 and L-7. Desirous of creating their own in-house submarine construction capability, the Navy's Bureau of Construction and Repair obtained a license from Lake to build the L-8 at the government owned Portsmouth Navy Yard in Kittery, Maine. L-8 would be the first of many submarines built at government Navy Yards.^[7]

As in previous U.S. designs, the conning tower and fairwater was kept small for reduced drag when submerged. For extended surface runs, the fairwater was augmented with a temporary piping-and-canvas structure (see photo) which took considerable time to deploy and dismantle. Experience in World War I showed that this was inadequate in the North Atlantic weather, and these boats, along with other submarines serving overseas in that war (E-class and K-class) had their bridge structures replaced with a permanent steel "chariot" shield on the front of the bridge. Chariot style bridges became standard on later U.S. submarines.^[8]

This was the first U.S. submarine class equipped with a deck gun, in this case a 3-inch/23 caliber (76 mm) partially retractable design. The gun was installed on the EB design boats only, the Lake design never received one.^[9] The gun was retracted vertically, with a round shield that fit over the top of a well in the superstructure that projected into the pressure hull. Most of the barrel protruded from the deck, resembling a stanchion. The round shield doubled as a blast deflector for the gun crew, and as the watertight top of the well.^[10]^[11] This gun was roundly disliked by the submarine crews because it lacked range, hitting power, and had the tendency to retract back into the well when fired, presenting a great hazard to the gun crew.^[12]

Service

After service in the Atlantic Flotilla by the Electric Boat design submarines, most required extensive refits at Philadelphia after the USA's entry into the First World War, which reflected the U.S. Navy's then-limited experience in submarine ocean operations. In December 1917, the seven boats were sent to Bantry Bay as Submarine Division 5 for convoy escort and anti-U-boat patrols. The four new Lake design L-boats later deployed to the Azores in November 1918 as Division 6 to reinforce four K-class submarines sent there in October 1917. While forward deployed, U.S. L-class submarines had the letter "A" added to the name displayed on the fairwater (i.e. AL-1) to avoid confusion with British L-class submarines.^[13]

U.S. submarines did not sink any U-boats in World War I, despite the immense effort of getting them to the war zone. Many lessons were learned and these were poured into the design of follow-on submarines.^[14] After the war, the L-class were involved in trials of new torpedoes and hydrophone equipment on both the east and west coasts before decommissioning in 1922 and 1923. At least L-3, L-9, and L-11 were re-engined with Busch-Sulzer diesels removed from Lake-built N-boats in 1921.^[15] Three EB design boats were scrapped in 1922, the four Lake design boats were scrapped in 1925, and the remainder were scrapped in 1933 under the London Naval Treaty limiting naval armament.

Boats in class

The 11 submarines of the L class were:

Electric Boat design

Ship name and Hull no.	Builder	Laid Down	Launched	Commissioned	Decommissioned	Fate
USS L-1 (SS-40)	Fore River Shipbuilding	13 April 1914	20 January 1915	11 April 1916	7 April 1922	Scrapped 1922
USS L-2 (SS-41)		19 March 1914	11 February 1915	29 September 1916	4 May 1923	Scrapped 1933
USS L-3 (SS-42)		18 April 1914	15 March 1915	22 April 1916	11 June 1923	Scrapped 1933
USS L-4 (SS-43)		23 March 1914	3 April 1915	4 May 1916	14 April 1922	Scrapped 1922
USS L-9 (SS-49)		2 November 1914	27 October 1915	4 August 1916	4 May 1923	Scrapped 1933
USS L-10 (SS-50)		17 February 1915	16 March 1916	2 August 1916	5 May 1922	Scrapped 1922
USS L-11 (SS-51)		17 February 1915	16 May 1916	15 August 1916	28 November 1923	Scrapped 1933

Lake Torpedo Boat Company design

Ship name and Hull no.	Builder	Laid Down	Launched	Commissioned	Decommissioned	Fate
USS L-5 (SS-44)	Lake Torpedo Boat Company	14 May 1914	1 May 1916	17 February 1918	5 December 1922	Scrapped 1925
USS L-6 (SS-45)	Craig Shipbuilding Company	27 May 1914	31 August 1916	7 December 1917	25 November 1922	Scrapped 1925
USS L-7 (SS-46)	Craig Shipbuilding Company	2 June 1914	28 September 1916	7 December 1917	15 November 1922	Scrapped 1925
USS L-8 (SS-48)	Portsmouth Navy Yard	24 February 1915	23 April 1917	30 August 1917	15 November 1922	Sunk as target 1926

References

Notes

^ All statistics from PigBoats.COM Submarine Specifications page
^ PigBoats.COM L-class page
^ Ibid
^ Ibid
^ Friedman pp. 84-85
^ Friedman, pp. 85
^ PigBoats.COM L-class page
^ Friedman, pp. 84
^ Friedman, pp. 307
^ PigBoats.COM L-class page
^ DiGiulian, Tony Navweaps.com 3"/23 caliber gun
^ Christley, Jim, U.S. Submarine Deck Guns, 2010, PigBoats.COM
^ PigBoats.COM L-class page
^ Ibid
^ NavSource Naval History N-class page
^ PigBoats.COM L-8 page

Sources

Hutchinson, Robert (2001). Jane's submarines : war beneath the waves from 1776 to the present day. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0007105588.
Gardiner, Robert, Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921 Conway Maritime Press, 1985. ISBN 0-85177-245-5.
Friedman, Norman "US Submarines through 1945: An Illustrated Design History", Naval Institute Press, Annapolis:1995, ISBN 1-55750-263-3.
Silverstone, Paul H., U.S. Warships of World War I (Ian Allan, 1970), ISBN 0-71100-095-6.
Navsource.org early diesel submarines page
PigBoats.COM L-class pages
ShipbuildingHistory.com Craig Shipbuilding page
DiGiulian, Tony Navweaps.com 3"/23 caliber gun
This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships.