UniTeam

UniTeam
LeaderBongbong Marcos
Sara Duterte
FounderBongbong Marcos
Sara Duterte
FoundedNovember 29, 2021 (2021-11-29)
Dissolved2022
Preceded byCoalition for Change
Succeeded byAlyansa para sa Bagong Pilipinas
IdeologyFederalism[1]
Filipino nationalism[2]
Populism[3]
Political positionBig tent[4]
Coalition membersPFP
Lakas–CMD
HNP
PMP
Guest Parties:
Nacionalista
PDP–Laban (Cusi wing)
KBL
PRP
Colors   Red and green
SloganSama-sama tayong babangon muli
transl. Together, we shall rise again
Website
bbmsarauniteam.com

UniTeam was an electoral alliance in the Philippines formed to support the candidacies of Bongbong Marcos and Sara Duterte in the 2022 presidential and vice-presidential elections and their allies in the 2022 Philippine general election.[5][6][7][8] The alliance was formalized on November 29, 2021, with Senator Imee Marcos coining the name UniTeam.[9]

UniTeam as an electoral alliance was dissolved shortly after the landslide wins of both candidates in the 2022 national elections. The term "UniTeam" continued to be used to refer to the relationship between the president and vice-president, until relations broke down between the two after Duterte's resignation from the Marcos cabinet in 2024.[10]

Coalition members

The alliance consists of four political parties:[5]

Party Abbreviation Ideology Chairperson President
Hugpong ng Pagbabago[11]
Alliance for Change
HNP Regionalism Sara Duterte Sara Duterte
Lakas–Christian Muslim Democrats[12]
People Power–Christian Muslim Democrats
Lakas–CMD Christian democracy
Islamic democracy
Conservatism
Filipino nationalism
Federalism[13][14]
Parliamentarianism
Bong Revilla Jr. Martin Romualdez
Partido Federal ng Pilipinas[15]
Federal Party of the Philippines
PFP Federalism Bongbong Marcos Reynaldo Tamayo Jr.
Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino[16]
Force of the Filipino Masses
PMP Populism[17] Joseph Estrada

In addition, the alliance's senatorial slate features guest candidates from the Nacionalista Party, Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL), Nationalist People's Coalition (NPC), PDP–Laban, and People's Reform Party (PRP). Except for the NPC, all of the aforementioned parties are allied with Marcos and Duterte.[18]

Presidential bid

Senatorial slate

UniTeam Slate during an election campaign in Mandaluyong on February 13, 2022

Marcos and Duterte have endorsed the following candidates for the 2022 Philippine Senate election, thus who are part of their "senatorial slate":[19][20][21]

Candidate name and party Position Votes Ranking Elected
Herbert Bautista
NPC
Former mayor of Quezon City (2010–2019) 13,104,710 14th No
Jinggoy Estrada
PMP
Former senator (2004–2016) 15,108,625 12th Yes
Larry Gadon
KBL
Lawyer 9,691,607 20th No
Win Gatchalian
NPC
Incumbent senator 20,602,655 4th Yes
Gregorio Honasan
Independent[a]
Former Secretary of Information and Communications Technology (2019–2021) 10,643,491 18th No
Loren Legarda
NPC[a]
Member of the House of Representatives from Antique's at-large congressional district 24,264,969 2nd Yes
Rodante Marcoleta
PDP–Laban
(withdrew[22])
Member of the House of Representatives from 1–SAGIP Party List 3,591,899 (stray votes[22]) [b] No
Robin Padilla
PDP–Laban
Actor 26,612,434 1st Yes
Harry Roque
PRP
Former presidential spokesperson (2017–2018, 2020–2021) 11,246,206 17th No
Gilbert Teodoro
PRP
Former Secretary of National Defense (2007–2009) 12,788,479 15th No
Mark Villar
Nacionalista
Former Secretary of Public Works and Highways (2016–2021) 19,475,592 6th Yes
Migz Zubiri
Independent
Incumbent senator 18,734,336 8th Yes
  1. ^ a b Guest candidate
  2. ^ Rodante Marcoleta withdrew after the ballots have been printed.


Result by island group

Luzon

Candidate Party Votes % Rank Top 12
Loren Legarda NPC 14,409,131 46.60% 1 Yes
Robin Padilla PDP-Laban 14,182,785 45.87% 2 Yes
Win Gatchalian NPC 12,419,076 40.17% 5 Yes
Mark Villar Nacionalista 10,937,117 35.37% 7 Yes
Migz Zubiri Independent 9,751,779 31.54% 10 Yes
Jinggoy Estrada PMP 8,515,488 27.54% 12 Yes
Herbert Bautista NPC 7,947,384 25.70% 14 No
Gilbert Teodoro PRP 6,737,566 21.79% 17 No
Gregorio Honasan Independent 6,452,633 20.87% 18 No
Larry Gadon KBL 6,067,028 19.62% 19 No
Harry Roque PRP 5,852,430 18.93% 21 No
Turnout 30,917,665 100.00%

Visayas

Candidate Party Votes % Rank Top 12
Loren Legarda NPC 4,639,491 40.20% 2 Yes
Robin Padilla PDP-Laban 4,608,102 39.92% 3 Yes
Migz Zubiri Independent 3,805,233 32.97% 5 Yes
Win Gatchalian NPC 3,781,484 32.76% 6 Yes
Mark Villar Nacionalista 3,688,636 31.96% 7 Yes
Gilbert Teodoro PRP 2,594,726 22.48% 12 Yes
Jinggoy Estrada PMP 2,587,706 22.42% 13 No
Herbert Bautista NPC 2,244,043 19.44% 15 No
Harry Roque PRP 2,044,282 17.71% 16 No
Gregorio Honasan Independent 1,821,562 15.78% 18 No
Larry Gadon KBL 1,441,629 12.49% 22 No
Turnout 11,542,445 100.00%

Mindanao

Candidate Party Votes % Rank Top 12
Robin Padilla PDP-Laban 7,753,052 60.12% 1 Yes
Migz Zubiri Independent 5,059,712 39.23% 2 Yes
Loren Legarda NPC 4,889,046 37.91% 3 Yes
Mark Villar Nacionalista 4,542,226 35.22% 4 Yes
Win Gatchalian NPC 4,222,455 32.74% 7 Yes
Jinggoy Estrada PMP 3,853,669 29.88% 8 Yes
Gilbert Teodoro PRP 3,174,451 24.61% 11 Yes
Harry Roque PRP 3,044,968 23.61% 13 No
Herbert Bautista NPC 2,712,235 21.03% 15 No
Gregorio Honasan Independent 2,160,484 16.75% 16 No
Larry Gadon KBL 1,859,320 14.42% 19 No
Turnout 12,896,983 100.00%

Aftermath

It was clarified that the UniTeam was only made for the purpose of the 2022 election,[23] and no formal meeting has been held among its members as an alliance since then.[24]

UniTeam's Lakas-CMD formed the majority of the House of Representative's 19th Congress. This was the first time a vice president's party leads the lower house, although Marcos' Partido Federal ng Pilipinas is part of the coalition.[25] Out of the twelve upcoming members of the 24-seat Senate, only Risa Hontiveros formed part of the opposition.[26]

Vice President Sara Duterte was appointed as Marcos' first Secretary of Education after they both took office in mid-2022.[27] Although she preferred to be Secretary of Defense[28] Over the next two years, Duterte's relationship with Marcos' allies detoriated, particularly with House Speaker Martin Romualdez and Marcos' wife and first lady Liza Araneta.[27] She resigned in May 2023 from Lakas–CMD where she served as chairperson. Lakas is part of the ruling coalition.[29][30]

In January 2024, President Marcos insisted that the UniTeam is still "vibrant", referring to his working relationship with his deputy.[31]

Duterte tendered resignation from her position as education secretary in June 2024.[32] When asked about her friendship with Marcos in September 2024, she said they were never friends and merely running mates in the 2022 elections.[33] Marcos responded expressing he was "deceived" about their supposed friendship.[34] In October 2024, she detailed her fallout with Marcos, who she says "does not know how to be president".[35][36]

See also

References

  1. ^ Mercado, Neil Arwin (January 25, 2022). "Federal gov't system fits PH but Cha-cha 'difficult' – Marcos Jr". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved April 30, 2022.
  2. ^ "'Youth crucial in Bongbong-Sara UniTeam's push for national unity'". BusinessMirror. December 7, 2021. Retrieved February 7, 2022.
  3. ^ "Duterte vs Marcos' brand of populism: How do they differ?". CNN. June 30, 2022. Archived from the original on June 30, 2022.
  4. ^ "Marcos, Duterte highlight 'unity' as election campaign kicks off". CNN Philippines. February 8, 2022. Archived from the original on March 30, 2022. Retrieved March 30, 2022.
  5. ^ a b "Four political parties forge UniTeam alliance pact for Bongbong-Sara tandem". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved November 29, 2021.
  6. ^ "Marcos-Duterte 'Uniteam' seals 2022 alliance". Rappler. November 25, 2021. Retrieved November 29, 2021.
  7. ^ Yang, Angelica; Mendoza, John Eric (November 25, 2021). "4 parties form 'UniTeam' alliance for Bongbong Marcos – Sara Duterte tandem". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved November 29, 2021.
  8. ^ Palicte, Che (November 25, 2021). "4 parties link up for BBM-Sara's 'UniTeam'". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on November 25, 2021. Retrieved November 29, 2021.
  9. ^ Cruz, RG (June 9, 2023). "Imee confirms she convinced Sara to run as Marcos Jr's VP". ABS-CBN News. Manila: ABS-CBN Corporation. Retrieved January 31, 2024.
  10. ^ News, LLANESCA T. PANTI, GMA Integrated (June 19, 2024). "Uniteam no more: Timeline of Marcos-Duterte tandem's woes". GMA News Online. Retrieved November 25, 2024. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ "Hugpong vows to 'do more' for Marcos in Davao, as some incumbents pick Robredo". RAPPLER. March 31, 2022. Retrieved April 30, 2022.
  12. ^ Tolentino, Ma Reina Leanne (November 25, 2021). "Lakas adopts BBM as presidential bet". The Manila Times. Retrieved April 30, 2022.
  13. ^ "Romualdez reaffirms support for Duterte's federalism agenda". Philippine Daily Inquirer. June 5, 2019. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
  14. ^ Manalastas, Jester P. (June 5, 2019). "Federalism push renewed". Retrieved January 16, 2020.
  15. ^ "BBM's Partido Federal ng Pilipinas adopts Sara as vice presidential bet". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved April 30, 2022.
  16. ^ "Four political parties forge UniTeam alliance pact for Bongbong-Sara tandem". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved April 30, 2022.
  17. ^ Dayley, Robert (2016). Southeast Asia In The New International Era. ISBN 9780813350110. Retrieved April 19, 2017.
  18. ^ Punay, Edu. "Parties allied with BBM-Sara Duterte call for honest elections". Philstar.com. Retrieved May 9, 2022.
  19. ^ "Gadon, Marcoleta, Zubiri added to Marcos-Duterte senatorial slate". CNN Philippines. January 20, 2022. Retrieved February 7, 2022.
  20. ^ "Marcos-Duterte tandem adopts Gringo Honasan in Senate slate". ABS-CBN News. February 4, 2022. Archived from the original on January 20, 2022. Retrieved February 7, 2022.
  21. ^ Valente, Catherine S. (March 13, 2022). "Robin Padilla now a guest candidate of UniTeam – Sara". The Manila Times. Retrieved March 14, 2022.
  22. ^ a b Cruz, RG; Abarro, Mico (April 27, 2024). "UniTeam senate bet Marcoleta withdraws from #Halalan2022: Comelec". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved October 20, 2024.
  23. ^ Suelto, Diana Lhyd (June 12, 2024). "Sara: UniTeam good only for 2022 Polls". Philstar. Retrieved June 13, 2024.
  24. ^ Lalu, Gabriel Pabico (June 20, 2024). "Gatchalian: Uniteam hasn't met since 2022 polls". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved June 20, 2024.
  25. ^ "Duterte, Romualdez-led Lakas-CMD to dominate House under Marcos". Rappler. June 20, 2024. Archived from the original on July 5, 2024. Retrieved October 20, 2024.
  26. ^ Villaruel, Jauhn Etienne (May 18, 2022). "Halalan 2022: Comelec officially proclaims 12 newly elected senators". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved October 20, 2024.
  27. ^ a b Panti, Llanesca (June 19, 2024). "Uniteam no more: Timeline of Marcos-Duterte tandem's woes". GMA News. Retrieved October 20, 2024.
  28. ^ "Sara ditches preferred defense post to avoid stability 'intrigues'". BusinessWorld. May 12, 2022. Retrieved October 20, 2024.
  29. ^ Galvez, Daphne (May 19, 2023). "Sara Duterte resigns from Lakas-CMD". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved October 20, 2024.
  30. ^ Leon, Dwight de (May 19, 2023). "Uniteam no more? House squabble puts spotlight on 2025, 2028 elections". Rappler. Retrieved October 20, 2024.
  31. ^ "Marcos: UniTeam still vibrant, still working". GMA News. January 30, 2024. Retrieved October 20, 2024.
  32. ^ Tulad, Victoria (June 20, 2024). "'Nabasag 'yung UniTeam': Duterte resignation saddens lawmaker" ['UniTeam shaterred': Duterte resignation saddens lawmaker]. ABS-CBN News (in English and Filipino). Retrieved October 20, 2024.
  33. ^ Lalu, Gabriel Pabico (September 18, 2024). "VP Duterte on President Marcos: We're not talking, we're not friends". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved October 20, 2024.
  34. ^ Subingsubing, Krixia (October 12, 2024). "'I was deceived,' Marcos says of VP Sara's 'friendship'". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved October 20, 2024.
  35. ^ Servallos, Neil Jayson (October 19, 2024). "President Marcos doesn't know how to be president — VP Sara". The Philippine Star. Retrieved October 20, 2024.
  36. ^ Chi, Cristina (October 18, 2024). "'Drag me to hell': Sara Duterte gets personal in fiery tell-all vs Marcos". The Philippine Star. Retrieved October 20, 2024.

Read other articles:

Christine Lambrecht Menteri Pertahanan FederalMasa jabatan8 Desember 2021 – 19 Januari 2023KanselirOlaf Scholz PendahuluAnnegret Kramp-KarrenbauerPenggantiBoris PistoriusMenteri Kehakiman dan Perlindungan KonsumenMasa jabatan27 Juni 2019 – 8 Desember 2021KanselirAngela Merkel PendahuluKatarina BarleyPenggantiMarco BuschmannSekretaris Parlementer Negara untuk KeuanganMasa jabatan14 Maret 2018 – 27 Juni 2019Menjabat bersama Bettina HagedornKanselirAngela...

 

Pertempuran Ramadi (2015–2016) معركة الرمادي (٢٠١٥–٢٠١٦)Bagian dari Perang Saudara Irak (2014–sekarang), Campur tangan AS di Irak dan Serangan AnbarRamadi pada tahun 2008Tanggal25 November 2015 – 9 Februari 2016(2 bulan, 2 minggu dan 1 hari)LokasiRamadi, Kegubernuran Anbar, IraqHasil Kemenangan telak pasukan IrakPerubahanwilayah Pasukan Irak kembali menguasai daerah Ramadi beserta bagian pinggir kotanya 80% kota Ramadi hancur selama perte...

 

Suatu benda dapat dikatakan kuasar apabila ia juga memancarkan energi besar dalam gelombang elektromagnetik lain. Kuasar (bahasa Inggris: quasar, juga dikenal sebagai quasi-stellar object, disingkat QSO) merupakan inti galaksi aktif yang sangat energetik dan sangat kuat. Objek ini memancarkan energi yang sangat besar. Namun karena jaraknya yang sangat jauh dari bumi, kuasar akan tampak seperti bintang biasa jika dilihat melalui teleskop. Suatu kuasar menghasilkan terang seratus kali lebih ban...

Синелобый амазон Научная классификация Домен:ЭукариотыЦарство:ЖивотныеПодцарство:ЭуметазоиБез ранга:Двусторонне-симметричныеБез ранга:ВторичноротыеТип:ХордовыеПодтип:ПозвоночныеИнфратип:ЧелюстноротыеНадкласс:ЧетвероногиеКлада:АмниотыКлада:ЗавропсидыКласс:Пт�...

 

2020 U.S. presidential election Timeline 2017–2019 January–October 2020 November 2020 – January 2021 Presidential debates Parties Polling national statewide News media endorsements primary general Fundraising Russian interference Presidential electors (fake electors) Electoral College vote count Presidential transition Subsequent voting restrictions Attempts to overturn Protests inauguration week Lawsuits pre-election post-election Texas v. Pennsylvania January 6 Capitol attack timelin...

 

Pangkat Polri Perwira Jenderal Polisi Komisaris Jenderal Polisi Inspektur Jenderal Polisi Brigadir Jenderal Polisi Komisaris Besar Polisi Ajun Komisaris Besar Polisi Komisaris Polisi Ajun Komisaris Polisi Inspektur Polisi Satu Inspektur Polisi Dua Bintara dan Tamtama Ajun Inspektur Polisi Satu Ajun Inspektur Polisi Dua Brigadir Polisi Kepala Brigadir Polisi Brigadir Polisi Satu Brigadir Polisi Dua Ajun Brigadir Polisi Ajun Brigadir Polisi Satu Ajun Brigadir Polisi Dua Bhayangkara Kepala Bhay...

Eugenio Donadoni Eugenio Donadoni (Adrara San Martino, 16 novembre 1870 – Milano, 15 giugno 1924) è stato un critico letterario italiano. Indice 1 Biografia 2 Il pensiero critico 3 L'opera narrativa e poetica 4 Opere principali 5 Note 6 Bibliografia 7 Altri progetti 8 Collegamenti esterni Biografia Laureatosi in lettere all'Università di Palermo nel 1894, insegnò negli anni successivi in diversi licei italiani. Nel 1915 fu chiamato da Concetto Marchesi a ricoprire l'incarico di letteratu...

 

2006 studio album by Oh No Oh MyOh No! Oh My!Studio album by Oh No Oh MyReleasedJuly 11, 2006Recorded2005-2006 in Austin, Texas & Nashville, TennesseeGenreIndie rockLength33:49Labelself-releasedProducerOh No Oh MyOh No Oh My chronology Between the Devil and the Sea(2005) Oh No! Oh My!(2006) Dmitrij Dmitrij(2008) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingPitchfork Media7.4/10[1] Oh No! Oh My!' is the debut album of indie rock band Oh No Oh My, released on July 11, 2006. ...

 

هذه المقالة عن المجموعة العرقية الأتراك وليس عن من يحملون جنسية الجمهورية التركية أتراكTürkler (بالتركية) التعداد الكليالتعداد 70~83 مليون نسمةمناطق الوجود المميزةالبلد  القائمة ... تركياألمانياسورياالعراقبلغارياالولايات المتحدةفرنساالمملكة المتحدةهولنداالنمساأسترالي�...

博里萨夫·约维奇攝於2009年 南斯拉夫社會主義聯邦共和國第12任總統任期1990年5月15日—1991年5月15日总理安特·马尔科维奇前任亚内兹·德尔诺夫舍克继任塞吉多·巴伊拉莫维奇(英语:Sejdo Bajramović) (代任)第12任不结盟运动秘书长任期1990年5月15日—1991年5月15日前任亚内兹·德尔诺夫舍克继任斯捷潘·梅西奇第3任塞尔维亚常驻南斯拉夫社会主义联邦共和国主席团代表任�...

 

Chronologies Données clés 1751 1752 1753  1754  1755 1756 1757Décennies :1720 1730 1740  1750  1760 1770 1780Siècles :XVIe XVIIe  XVIIIe  XIXe XXeMillénaires :-Ier Ier  IIe  IIIe Chronologies thématiques Art Architecture, Arts plastiques (Dessin, Gravure, Peinture et Sculpture), (), Littérature (), Musique (Classique) et Théâtre   Ingénierie (), Architecture, () et ()   Politique Droit et ()   Religion (,)  ...

 

Spires in Gothic architecture Flèche of Sainte-Chapelle, Île de la Cité, designed by Jean-Baptiste Lassus.[1] Two pictures of Notre-Dame de Paris with its 19th century flèche, lost to fire in 2019. Flèche of St Michael's Castle, St Petersburg, designed by Vasily Bazhenov.[2] Model of the flèche of Notre-Dame de Paris made for Eugène Viollet-le-Duc (1859) (Museum of Historic Monuments, Paris) A flèche (French: [flɛʃ]; French for 'arrow')[3] is ...

Public university in Columbus, Ohio, U.S. This article is about the Columbus campus. For other campuses, see Ohio State University (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Ohio University. Ohio State redirects here. For the U.S state, see Ohio. This article contains academic boosterism which primarily serves to praise or promote the subject and may be a sign of a conflict of interest. Please improve this article by removing peacock terms, weasel words, and other promotional material. (Januar...

 

Japanese officer, war criminal 1898–1947 Shigematsu SakaibaraSakaibara reads his final statement before being sentenced for ordering the Wake Island massacre (December 27, 1945)Born(1898-12-28)December 28, 1898Yamagata Prefecture, Empire of JapanDiedJune 19, 1947(1947-06-19) (aged 48)[1]Asan-Maina, GuamCause of deathExecution by hangingKnown forWake Island massacreCriminal statusExecutedConviction(s)War crimesCriminal penaltyDeathDetailsVictims98DateOctober 7, 1943Loc...

 

Historical region of Georgia This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Colchis – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 42°N 42°E / 42°N 42°E / 42; 42 ColchisეგრისიEgrisi13th century BC[1][2&...

Rock DogRilis teater posterSutradaraAsh BrannonProduser Amber Wang David B. Miller Rob Feng Joyce Lou Zheng Jun Skenario Ash Brannon Kurt Voelker Cerita Ash Brannon Zheng Jun BerdasarkanTibetan Rock Dogoleh Zheng JunPemeran Luke Wilson Eddie Izzard J. K. Simmons Lewis Black Kenan Thompson Mae Whitman Jorge Garcia Matt Dillon Sam Elliott Penata musikRolfe Kent[1]Penyunting Ivan Bilancio Ed Fuller Perusahaanproduksi Mandoo Pictures Huayi Tencent Entertainment Company Eracme Enter...

 

Felix Bloch (1961) Premio Nobel per la fisica 1952 Felix Bloch (Zurigo, 23 ottobre 1905 – Zurigo, 10 settembre 1983) è stato un fisico svizzero naturalizzato statunitense, premio Nobel per la fisica per il contributo alla nascita della risonanza magnetica nucleare. Indice 1 Biografia 2 Voci correlate 3 Altri progetti 4 Collegamenti esterni Biografia All'inizio dei suoi studi universitari presso l'ETHZ di Zurigo scelse dapprima ingegneria, cambiando idea dopo un anno ed iscrivendosi a f...

 

European club football competition 2024–25 UEFA Conference LeagueThe Wrocław Stadium in Wrocław will host the final.Tournament detailsDatesQualifying:10 July – 29 August 2024Competition proper:3 October 2024 – 28 May 2025TeamsCompetition proper: 36 (from 54 associations)← 2023–24 2025–26 → International football competition The 2024–25 UEFA Conference League is the fourth season of the UEFA Conference League, Europe's tertiary club football tournament organised ...

Questa voce sull'argomento telecomunicazioni è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Édouard Belin con un esemplare di belinografo. La telefoto, o belinografia[1] dall'italianizzazione del nome francese Bélinographe, è un'immagine fotografica ricevuta via linea telefonica (analogica) o telegrafica. Il principio della telefotografia (o fototelegrafia) consiste nella trasformazione di segnali acustici in segnali luminosi che, emessi d...

 

French playwright and critic Portrait by Louis-Léopold Boilly, c. 1800 François-Benoît Hoffman (11 July 1760 – 25 April 1828) was a French playwright and critic, best known today for his operatic librettos, including those set to music by Étienne Méhul and Luigi Cherubini (most notably Cherubini's Médée, 1797). Career Hoffman was born in Nancy, and studied law at the University of Strasbourg.[1] Believing that his stammer hindered his legal career, he entered military service...