1–8 Mk-5 RV/W88 (475kt) or 1–12 Mk-4 RV/W76-0 (100kt) or 1–12 Mk-4A RV/W-76-1 (90kt) or unknown Mk-7 RV/W93 (unknownkt)[3] Single or multiple W76-2 (5–7kt)[4][5]
Engine
Three solid-fuel rocket motors; first & second stage – Thiokol/Hercules solid-fueled rocket; third stage – United Technologies Corp. solid-fueled rocket[6]
The UGM-133A Trident II, or Trident D5 is a submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM), built by Lockheed Martin Space in Sunnyvale, California, and deployed with the United States and Royal Navy. It was first deployed in March 1990,[6] and remains in service. The Trident II Strategic Weapons System is an improved SLBM with greater accuracy, payload, and range than the earlier Trident C-4. It is a key element of the U.S. strategic nuclear triad and strengthens U.S. strategic deterrence. The Trident II is considered to be a durable sea-based system capable of engaging many targets. It has payload flexibility that can accommodate various treaty requirements, such as New START. The Trident II's increased payload allows nuclear deterrence to be accomplished with fewer submarines,[14] and its high accuracy—approaching that of land-based missiles—enables it to be used as a first strike weapon.[15][16][17]
Trident II missiles are carried by 14 US Ohio and 4 British Vanguard-class submarines, with 24 missiles on each Ohio class and 16 missiles on each Vanguard class (the number of missiles on Ohio-class submarines was reduced to 20, by 2017,[18][19] in compliance with the New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty). There have been 177 successful test flights of the D5 missile since design completion in 1989,[20] the most recent being from USS Maine (SSBN-741) in February 2020.[21] There have been fewer than 10 test flights that were failures,[22] the most recent being from HMS Vanguard off the coast of Florida in January 2024.[23] The D5 is the sixth in a series of missile generations deployed since the sea-based deterrent program began 60 years ago. The Trident D5LE (life-extension) version will remain in service until 2042.[24]
History
USS Kentucky firing a Trident II SLBM in 2015 as part of the DASO 26 test launch
The Trident II was designed with greater range and payload capacity than its predecessor (Trident C-4). In 1972, the US Navy projected an initial operating capability (IOC) date of 1984. The US Navy shifted the IOC date to 1982. On 18 October 1973, a Trident program review was administered. On 14 March 1974, the US Deputy Secretary of Defense disseminated two requirements for the Trident program. The first was an accuracy improvement for the Trident C-4. The second requirement asked for an alternative to the C-4, or a new Trident II missile with a larger first-stage motor than the C-4.
The U.S. Navy conducted studies to determine whether the more expensive Trident II could be constructed similarly to the US Air Force's MX ICBM, primarily to decrease budget costs. It was established that the Trident II would be 83 inches (210 cm) in diameter and 44 feet (13 m) in length in order to match the performance of the existing MX ICBM. Modifications to the guidance system, electronics hardening, and external protective coatings were incorporated into the design. While this satisfied the Navy's study requirements, it did not accommodate the US Air Force payload requirements.
Propulsion stages were proposed to be used between the first stage and second stage motors, effectively making the Trident II a longer three-stage missile than the C-4. Studies were delayed in 1978 when Congress approved only $5 million of the suggested $15 million for the Navy and Air Force program studies. By December 1978, the Navy's and the Air Force's own studies agreed with each other that a similar missile structure would not achieve desired savings. It was determined that the Navy and Air Force would maintain and be responsible for their own unique weapon systems. The US Navy continued with its own design of the Trident II.
In March 1980, US Secretary of DefenseHarold Brown proposed an increased level of funding for the submarine-launched ballistic missile modernization, emphasizing increased accuracy. The House Armed Services Committee (HASC) recommended no funding, while the Senate Armed Services Committee (SASC) recommended full funding of $97 million. The SASC asked for a plan incorporating "the fullest possible competition . . . [and] should consider competing among contractors for each major component, including the integrated missile." $65 million was awarded for the submarine-launched ballistic missile modernization.
On 2 October 1981, President Reagan called for the modernization of the strategic forces.[25] The Defense Department directed the Navy to fund all development of the Trident II D5 missile with a December 1989 IOC. All research and development efforts would be directed toward "a new development, advanced technology, high accuracy Trident II D5 system." In December 1982, Deputy SECDEFFrank Carlucci advised the Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger to include funding for a new reentry vehicle–warhead combination for Trident II. The reentry vehicle was to be designated as the Mk 5, which was to have a greater yield than the Mk 4. The development contract for Trident II was issued in October 1983. On 28 December 1983, the deputy SECDEF authorized the Navy to proceed with full-scale engineering development of the Trident II D5.
An initial series of 19 land-based Trident II launches took place from Cape Canaveral Launch Complex 46 from 15 January 1987 to 27 January 1989.[26] The first submarine launch was attempted by USS Tennessee,[2] the first D-5 ship of the Ohio class, on 21 March 1989 off the coast of Cape Canaveral, Florida. The launch attempt failed four seconds into the flight because the plume of water following the missile rose to a greater height than expected, and water was in the nozzle when the motor ignited. Once the problem was understood, relatively simple changes were quickly made, but the problem delayed the initial operating capability of Trident II until March 1990.[6][27] IOC for Strategic Weapons Facility Pacific (SWFPAC) was completed on schedule in 2001, allowing Trident II SSBN to be deployed in the Pacific theater.
The Trident II is a three-stage rocket, each stage containing a solid-fuel rocket motor. The first motor is made by Northrop Grumman. This first stage incorporates a solid propellant motor, parts to ensure first-stage ignition, and a thrust vector control (TVC) system. The first-stage section, compared to the Trident C-4, is slightly larger, allowing increased range and a larger payload. In addition to a larger motor, the D-5 uses an advanced and lighter fuel binder (polyethylene glycol) than the C-4.[29] This fuel is more commonly known as NEPE-75. (NEPE stands for nitrate ester plasticized polyether, the 75 represents that the fuel contains 75% solids.)[30][31][7] The solid components bound by fuel binder are HMX, aluminum, and ammonium perchlorate.[7]
Both the first- and second-stage motors are connected by an interstage casing, which contains electronic equipment and ordnance for separation during flight. The second stage also contains a motor made by Thiokol and Hercules Inc., parts to ensure the second-stage ignition, and a TVC system. The first and second stages are both important to the structural integrity of the missile. To ensure that the stages maintain a maximal strength-to-weight ratio, both stages are reinforced by a carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer hull.[30]
The second and third-stage sections are connected by an integrated equipment/adapter section (ES). The equipment/adapter section is modified to be shorter and more compact than the C-4's adapter section.[29] The D-5's equipment section contains critical guidance and flight control avionics, such as the Mk 6 navigation system. The equipment section also contains the third-stage TVC system, ordnance for ejecting from the second-stage motor, and the MIRV platform. The nose fairing shields the payload and third-stage motor. Mounted within the nose cap (above the nose fairing) is an extendable aerospike.[32] This aerospike effectively decreases drag by 50%. The third-stage hull is also reinforced by carbon fiber and kevlar.[30]
The Trident II is the first missile of the US Navy's Fleet Ballistic Missile program to incorporate a 3D printed component.[33]
While Lockheed Martin is the prime contractor, a variety of corporations work on the Trident II. For example, in October 2020, Boeing was contracted for maintenance, rebuilding and technical services for the Trident II navigation subsystem,[34] and Northrop Grumman was contracted for engineering support and integration for the Trident II and relevant submarines at sites and shipyards from Sunnyvale, California, and Bangor, Washington, to Kings Bay, Georgia, and Cape Canaveral, Florida, among other locales.[34] Peraton was contracted for program support services on the Trident II reentry subsystem,[35] and Systems Planning & Analysis Inc. was contracted for Trident II technical services, program support, assessments, special studies, and systems engineering.[34]
Sequence of operation
US Navy test-firing two Trident II D-5 UGM-133A missiles in the Atlantic Missile Range, June 2014 (DASO 25 SSBN 736) during a Demonstration and Shakedown Operation.
Before the launch sequence is initiated, the on-board MARK 6 navigation system is activated. The specified mission trajectory is loaded onto the flight computer.[36]
Once the launch command is given, a steam generator system is activated, igniting a gas generator[37] whose exhaust is fed into cooling water, causing expanding gas within the launch tube to force the missile upward, and out of the submarine.[37] Within seconds, the missile breaches the surface of the water and the first-stage Thrust Vectoring Control (TVC) subsystem ignites. This enables hydraulic actuators attached to the first-stage nozzle. Soon after, the first-stage motor ignites and burns for approximately 65 seconds until the fuel is expended; in addition, an aerospike atop the missile deploys shortly after first-stage ignition to shape airflow. When the first-stage motor ceases operation, the second-stage TVC subsystem ignites. The first-stage motor is then ejected by ordnance within the interstage casing.[38][39]
Once the first stage is cleared, the second-stage motor ignites and burns for approximately 65 seconds. The nose fairing is then jettisoned, separating from the missile. When the nose fairing is clear of the missile, the third-stage TVC subsystem ignites, and ordnance separates the second-stage motor. The third-stage motor then ignites, pushing the equipment section the remaining distance (approx. 40 seconds) of the flight. When the third-stage motor reaches the targeted area, the Post Boost Control System (PBCS) ignites, and the third-stage motor is ejected.
The astro-inertial guidance uses star positioning to fine-tune the accuracy of the inertial guidance system after launch. As the accuracy of a missile is dependent upon the guidance system knowing the exact position of the missile at any given moment during its flight, the fact that stars are a fixed reference point from which to calculate that position makes this a potentially very effective means of improving accuracy. In the Trident system, this was achieved by a single camera that was designed to spot just one star in its expected position. If it was not quite aligned to where it should be, it would indicate that the inertial system was not precisely on target and a correction would be made.[40]
The equipment section, with the MIRV, then aims the reentry vehicles (RV) towards the earth. The payload is then released from the MIRV platform. To prevent the PBCS correctional thrust from interfering with the RV when released, the equipment section initiates the Plume Avoidance Maneuver (PAM). If the RV will be disrupted by the PBCS nozzle's thrust, the nearest nozzle will shut off until the RV is away from the MIRV. The PAM is used only when a nozzle's plume will disrupt the area near an RV. The PAM is a specialized design feature added to the Trident II to increase accuracy.[38]
Warheads
In US service Trident II can be loaded with up to eight Mk-5 RVs with 475-kt W88 warheads, up to fourteen Mk-4A RVs with 90-kt W76-1 warheads, and up to fourteen Mk-4A RVs with 5–7-kt W76-2 warheads.[citation needed] In practice, each missile on average carries four warheads due to the warhead limitations placed by the New START treaty.[41]
The system previously carried the Mk-4 RV with a 100kt W76-0 warhead, but beginning in September 2008 W76-0s were converted to W76-1s. This process was completed by December 2018.[42] Conversion from the W76-0 to W76-1 involved fitting the warheads with a new RV (the Mk-4A), replacing age limited components and fitting the warhead with a new MC4700 arming, fusing and firing (AF&F) system. The MC4700 AF&F system (dubbed the "super fuze") significantly improves warhead kill probabilities against hardened targets such as silos or bunkers. The W76-2 is also fitted with the Mk-4A RV and MC4700 fuze.[43][3][44]
In the National Nuclear Security Administration's 2021 budget request, the agency requested US$53m to begin development of a new W93 warhead for use on Trident II and US$32 million to begin development of a new Mk-7 RV. If approved, the W93 will be the first new nuclear weapon system to receive a type designation since the end of the Cold War. It is unclear if the W93 will replace the W76-1, the W88 or both warheads.[45]
In UK usage Trident II missiles are equipped with a warhead called Holbrook[46] and have a maximum yield of 100kt.[47] The UK government insists the warhead is a British design, but analysts believe that it is largely based on the US W76 design.[46][48] In 2011 it was reported that British warheads would receive the new Mk 4A reentry vehicles and some or all of the other upgrades that US W76 warheads were receiving in their W76-1 Life Extension Program.[49] Some reports suggested that British warheads would receive the same arming, fusing and firing system (AF&F) as the US W76-1.[50] Under a 1958 agreement, the US supplies the UK with blueprints of its own warhead designs but the design, manufacture and maintenance of UK warheads are purely a UK responsibility. The British government's Atomic Weapons Establishment is currently developing a new warhead to replace the existing Holbrook warhead, with deployment expected in the 2030s.[46]
Additional specifications
Range (exact is classified): Full load: ~7,600 kilometres (4,700 mi)[51] Reduced load: ~12,000 kilometres (7,500 mi)[51]
Guidance system: The MK 6 Astro-inertial guidance navigation system. Inertial guidance is most favored for the initial guidance and reentry vehicles of strategic missiles, because it has no external signal and cannot be jammed.[52]
CEP: Requirement: <90 metres (300 ft).[53] (Information from flight tests is classified.)
USS Kentucky, an Ohio-class submarine of the US Navy
HMS Vigilant, a Vanguard-class submarine of the Royal Navy
Artists' impressions of Columbia-class (left) and Dreadnought-class (right)
The Royal Navy operates its missiles from a shared pool, together with the Atlantic squadron of the U.S. NavyOhio-class SSBNs at King's Bay, Georgia. The pool is co-mingled and missiles are selected at random for loading on to either nation's submarines.[55][56]
^Cimbala, Stephen J. (2010). Military persuasion: Deterrence and provocation in crisis and war. Penn State Press. pp. 85–6. ISBN978-0271041261. Retrieved 29 January 2016. By the end of the 1980s, however, the submarine-launched ballistic missile had turned another page. The accuracy of the Trident II (D-5) SLBM, planned as the replacement for the Trident I with Trident II deployments beginning in 1989, was comparable to that of the MX/Peacekeeper ICBM, the most accurate land-based missile in the U.S. strategic arsenal. Owing to its improved accuracy and larger payload compared to its SLBM predecessors, Trident II would be able to attack hardened targets in the Soviet Union that were not previously vulnerable to sea-launched ballistic missiles. Although U.S. planners might assume that these strikes against hardened targets in the Soviet Union would be retaliatory attacks, a Soviet net-assessment of U.S. first-strike capabilities would have to include the improved sea-based missiles.
^Stellan Vinthagen (2012). Tackling Trident. Irene Publishing. p. 41. ISBN9781471751042. Retrieved 29 November 2017. Although it is accurate enough for a 'first strike' weapon, successive governments have been adamant that the purpose of the current Trident system is as a 'deterrent' against nuclear or similarly cataclysmic attack on Britain. The Trident 'mission' is outlined by the Ministry of Defense: 'In a posture known as Continuous At Sea Defence (CASD), one submarine, armed with up to 16 Trident missiles and up to 48 warheads, is always on deterrent patrol 24 hours a day, 365 days a year' (MoD, 2006).
^"Trident D-5". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on 4 August 2016. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
^Pope, Brian (April 1989). "Trident II Missile Fails First Trial at Sea". Arms Control Today. 19 (3). Arms Control Association: 27. JSTOR23623966.
^"THE UNITED KINGDOM TRIDENT PROGRAMME"(PDF). 2 April 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2017. On 15 July 1980 my predecessor announced the Government's choice of the Trident submarine-launched ballistic missile system to replace the United Kingdom's current Polaris-equipped strategic deterrent force.
^US 8778103 Energetic compositions including nitrate esters, methods of forming such energetic compositions, and articles including such energetic compositions.
^"Britain's Nuclear Weapons; The Current British Arsenal". The Nuclear Weapon Archive. Carey Sublette. 30 April 2001. Retrieved 8 March 2020. The Trident warheads also offer multiple yields - probably 0.3 kt, 5-10 kt and 100 kt - by choosing to fire the unboosted primary, the boosted primary or the entire "physics package".
^Siouris, George. Missile Guidance and Control Systems. 2004
^Chinworth, William C. (15 March 2006). The Future of the Ohio Class Submarine(PDF) (Master's thesis). U.S. Army War College. Archived(PDF) from the original on 27 September 2020 – via Defence Technical Information Center.
^Nose fairing and end cap weights (180 kg) are subtracted.
Campeonato Mundial Júnior de Patinação Artística no Gelo de 2014 Dados Tipo Campeonato ISU Data 10 de março–16 de março Temporada 2013–2014 Cidade Sófia, Bulgária Local Winter Sports Hall Campeões Individual masculino Nam Nguyen Individual feminino Elena Radionova Duplas Yu Xiaoyu / Jin Yang Dança no gelo Kaitlin Hawayek / Jean-Luc Baker Cronologia da competição Milão 2013 Tallinn 2015 O Campeonato Mundial Júnior de Patinação Artística no Gelo de 2014 foi a trigésima non...
أبابيلملصق الفيلممعلومات عامةالصنف الفني تاريخي ، حربتاريخ الصدور13 أكتوبر 2014 (2014-10-13) (مصر)مدة العرض 50 دقيقةاللغة الأصلية لغة عربيةالبلد مصرالطاقمالمخرج وليد ساريالسيناريو أحمد زايدالبطولة محمد حفظي محمد عبدالناصر نور الشرقاوي حماده الجلاد سامى فرحاتالتصوي
Іпполіт Луї Фізофр. Hippolyte Fizeau Ім'я при народженні фр. Armand Hippolyte Louis FizeauНародився 23 вересня 1819(1819-09-23)Париж, Франція[1]Помер 18 вересня 1896(1896-09-18) (76 років)Jouarre (Seine-et-Marne). Le petit cloître de l’abbayedМісце проживання ПарижКраїна ФранціяДіяльність фізик, астроном, інженер, daguerreot...
Curling pada Olimpiade Musim Dingin 2010LokasiPusat Olimpiade/Paralimpiade VancouverVancouverTanggal16–27 Februari 2010Jumlah disiplin2Peserta100 dari 12 negara← 20062014 → Pertandingan curling pada Olimpiade Musim Dingin 2010 dilangsungkan di Vancouver Olympic/Paralympic Centre, Vancouver. Sebelumnya curling sudah empat kali dipertandingkan di Olimpiade Musim Dingin, 1924, 1998, 2002, dan 2006. Kompetisi dilakukan mengikuti format yang sama seperti di O...
Franja de Gaza La Franja de Gaza tiene sus raíces en el pueblo de los filisteos, cuyo territorio, en el máximo esplendor del reino de Israel (hace 3000 años), era similar al actual. La ciudad de Gaza, por ejemplo, ha conservado su mismo nombre durante miles de años. Ya en el siglo XX fue una provincia del Mandato Británico de Palestina entre 1917 y 1948. Tras la partición decidida por las Naciones Unidas en 1947 entre Palestina y el Estado de Israel, la Franja quedó integrada al E...
Private Catholic university in Davenport, Iowa, U.S. St. Ambrose UniversityFormer namesSt. Ambrose Academy (1882–1908) St. Ambrose College (1908–1987)MottoFaith Learning JusticeTypePrivate universityEstablished1882; 141 years ago (1882)[1]FounderJohn McMullenReligious affiliationRoman CatholicEndowment$168.4 million (2020)[2]PresidentAmy C. Novak, EdDAcademic staff350[1]Administrative staff314[1]Students2,747 (Fall 2022)Undergraduates2,118...
United Democratic Front upright=0.8}Ketua umumV. D. SatheesanPendiriK. KarunakaranDibentuk1979; 44 tahun lalu (1979)Didahului olehFront Bersatu (1970–79)Kantor pusatIndira Bhavan, Vellayambalam, Thiruvananthapuram, KeralaIdeologiTenda besarFaksiDemokrasi sosial[1]Pembangunan berkelanjutan[1]Posisi politikTengah[2] hingga kiri-tengah[3]Kursi di Lok Sabha18 / 20Kursi di Rajya Sabha3 / 9Kursi di Dewan Legislatif41 / 140Lambang pemiluPoli...
Railway station in Bridgend, Wales This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Bridgend railway station – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) BridgendWelsh: Pen-y-bontStation entrance, September 2018General informationLocationBrid...
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Februari 2023. Euderces tibialis Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Animalia Filum: Arthropoda Kelas: Insecta Ordo: Coleoptera Famili: Cerambycidae Genus: Euderces Spesies: Euderces tibialis Euderces tibialis adalah spesies kumbang tanduk panjang yang tergolong famili Cer...
لا يزال النص الموجود في هذه الصفحة في مرحلة الترجمة إلى العربية. إذا كنت تعرف اللغة المستعملة، لا تتردد في الترجمة. (أبريل 2019) هياكل عظمية للتيرانوصور (يسار) وللأپاتوصور (يمين) في المتحف الأمريكي للتاريخ الطبيعي. قائمة الديناصورات هذه قائمة شاملة لكل الأجناس التي تم تضمينها ...
Purported missing child in New Mexico, U.S. Lost Boy Larry searchSearch leaders conferring over maps of the Sandia–Manzano Mountains on August 9, 1973DateAugust 7–12, 1973 (1973-08-07 – 1973-08-12)Duration5 daysLocationAlbuquerque, New Mexico, U.S.TypeSearch and rescue operationBudgetUS$25,000–120,000Organized by New Mexico State Police New Mexico Wing Civil Air Patrol Albuquerque Citizens Radio Association Radio Emergency Associated Communication Teams Colora...
French noblewoman Adela of VermandoisEffigy of Adele of Meaux on her tombBornc. 935Diedc. 982BuriedSt Aubin Abbey, AngersNoble familyCarolingianSpouse(s)Geoffrey I of AnjouIssueby Geoffrey I: Fulk III of Anjou Geoffrey Ermengarde-Gerberga of AnjouFatherRobert of VermandoisMotherAdelaide-Werra de Chalon Adela of Vermandois (c. 935 – c. 982) was a French noblewoman. She was Countess of Chalon and later Countess of Anjou. Adela was a daughter of Robert of Vermandois, Count of Meaux...
القنب الهندي في ألبانيا غير قانوني, لكن المخدرات تزرع على نطاق واسع. لازارات, مدينة يعيش فيها الكثير من الناس من الحشيش الإتجار أصبح الاتجار بالمخدرات في البداية مصدر قلق كبير في ألبانيا في التسعينيات؛ في تلك الفترة نفسها, أصبحت زراعة القنب التي كانت مركزة في البداية في الج...
1954 film For the 2010 documentary, see Murder by Proxy: How America Went Postal. Murder by ProxyTheatrical release posterDirected byTerence FisherWritten byRichard LandauBased onMurder by Proxyby Helen NielsenProduced byMichael CarrerasStarringDane ClarkBelinda LeeBetty Ann DaviesCinematographyWalter J. HarveyEdited byMaurice RootesMusic byIvor SlaneyProductioncompaniesHammer Film ProductionsDistributed byExclusive Films Lippert Pictures (US)Release dates 19 March 1954 (1954-0...
Political party in the United States Kings County Democratic County Committee ChairpersonRodneyse Bichotte HermelynHeadquartersBrooklyn, NYIdeologyModern American liberalismProgressivismNational affiliationDemocratic PartyColors BlueNew York State Assembly (Brooklyn Seats)17 / 21New York State Senate (Brooklyn Seats)10 / 10Citywide Executive Offices1 / 5New York City Council (Brooklyn Seats)12 / 15Websitebrooklyndems.comPolitics of the United StatesPolitical partiesElections The Bro...
For the North African people, see Haratin. A woolen cloth of 18th and early 19th-century Harateen or harrateen[1] was a woolen material of the 18th and early 19th-century produced in England. It was a furnishing material with a pattern used in upholstery. Fabrication Harateen was a plain weave fabric manufactured with coarser weft than the warp yarns. Then undergoes a procedure of watering and stamping. The two layers of cloth were pressed together with a hot press. Imprinted, thicker...
Some hors d'oeuvre: Mozzarella cheese sprinkled with basil flowers, black Greek olives, sun-dried tomatoes, Italian salami and Spanish Lomo Ibérico This is a list of notable hors d'oeuvre, also referred to as appetizers or starters, which may be served either hot or cold. They are food items served before the main courses of a meal, and are also sometimes served at the dinner table as a part of a meal. Many cultures serve dips, such as baba ghanoush, chili con queso, hummus, and tzatziki wit...
Military training area in Germany This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Munster Training Area – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Munster Training Area emblem Munster Training Areaclass=notpageimage| Location The Munster Tr...
.jpg)
.jpg)
