Tradition, Family, Property (TFP; Portuguese: Tradição, Família, Propriedade) is an international movement of political/civic organizations of Traditionalist Catholic inspiration.[1][2]
The first TFP was founded by Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira in Brazil in 1960, inspired by his 1959 book Revolution and Counter-Revolution, which became the TFPs' foundational text,[3] later supplemented by his 1993 Nobility and Analogous Traditional Elites in the Allocutions of Pius XII.[4] He remained president of the Brazilian TFP's national council until his death in 1995.[5]
After his death, there was a legal battle upon the title and ownership of the Brazilian TFP, which was ultimately won by João Scognamiglio Clá Dias, in 2004, while he had created previously the Heralds of the Gospel (2001).
Those who opposed this action have remained active in the Association of the Founders of TFP and created the Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira Institute (Portuguese: Instituto Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira), which claims the legacy of the original TFP. They have taken the legal dispute to the Brazilian Supreme Federal Court.[6][7] In other countries across the world several organizations have continued to use the name and acronym of TFP, or have adopted other names.[8][9]
Religion, ideology and structure
The movement has been described as a "Catholic right-wing entity".[10] Its worldview has been characterized as an "extreme moralism, against divorce, against Communism, and against change."[11] Raúl Matta, in L'Ordinaire Latino-Américaine, pointed out that the group's presentation of Catholic tradition is selective, drawing on speeches and encyclicals from the most conservative popes, including the 1864 Syllabus of Errors.[12] The Italian philosopher Rocco Buttiglione noted that members of the TFP movement were among the signatories of the "Filial Correction" of Pope Francis in 2017.[13] The same year a video was made public that showed Cla Dias, the leader of the spin-off group Heralds of the Gospel, ridiculing the Vatican. In 2019 Francis named retired Cardinal Raymundo Damasceno Assis of Aparecida as pontifical commissioner of the Heralds of the Gospel and its religious branches for consecrated men and women.[14][15]
Löwy's study of the interaction of religion and politics in Latin America used the international TFP to exemplify the most conservative of four tendencies within Latin American Catholicism: the one which "defend[s] ultra-reactionary and sometimes semi-fascist ideas."[16] A recent study pointed out that "TFP draws on a rigid interpretation of Christianity to offer the faithful an all-encompassing ideological justification for what are, in essence, very conservative politics."[17] It has been noted that similar religious movements "are benign compared to Tradition, Family and Property (TFP)" which is also "opposed by the Catholic leadership because of its beliefs and recruiting procedures."[18] Some analysts see it as a fringe group within the Latin American Catholic church.[19]
Institutionally, TFPs have been described as having a "chameleon-like identity". When dealing with the church, they describe themselves as a civic association of the laity, and therefore independent of ecclesiastical control; when dealing with civil society, they stress that they are a voluntary association inspired by religious ideals, and therefore not subject to certain civil regulations such as labor laws.[20]
TFP is both a national organization and a transnational movement which shares fundamental beliefs, goals, publications,[21] and even funding.[22][non-primary source needed] Shortly after its foundation in Brazil in 1960, the TFP began a program of international expansion, beginning with a "Latin American Congress of Catholicism" in Serra Negra, Brazil, attended by about 350 Brazilians and about 20 representatives from other countries in Hispanic America.[23] TFP sees this meeting as the beginning of its expansion,[24] with the foundation of TFP offices, national TFPs, and affiliated organizations in 29 countries throughout the world, including Argentina (1967), Chile (1967), Uruguay (1967), Paraguay (1967), Peru (1970), Spain (1971), Bolivia (1973), Colombia (1971), Ecuador (1973), Portugal (1974), the United States (1974), Venezuela (1971), Canada (1975), Italy (1976), France (1977), United Kingdom (1980), Germany (1982), South Africa (1983), Australia (1988), India (1992), Poland (1995), Austria (1999), Ireland (2004), Belgium, Costa Rica, Lithuania, the Philippines, and New Zealand.[25][26] This expansion produced what is claimed to be "the world's largest anticommunist and antisocialist network of Catholic inspiration."[27]
Although these TFPs described themselves as "autonomous anticommunist organizations inspired by the traditional teachings of the Popes",[28] they cooperated effectively to advance their social and political agenda. A striking example occurred in 1981 when thirteen TFPs (and related organizations) published a six-page critique by Oliveira of François Mitterrand's Socialist government program to implement what was called "self-managing socialism". They were refused space for the essay by six French daily papers[29] but they did publish it in 44 other major newspapers worldwide.[28][30] The cost of placing each six-page advertisement in The Washington Post or the Toronto Globe and Mail was about $100,000.[31][32]
Argentina
The Sociedad Argentina de Defensa de la Tradición, Familia y Propiedad was established in 1967, drawing on a group of conservative Catholics who had previously founded the magazine Cruzada, which opposed liberal Catholicism and socialism.[33] In the late 60s the TFP gained the apparent support of the Argentine military regime when they called for a purge of progressive clergy from the Catholic Church.[34] The publications of the Argentinian TFP have been described as embodying a discourse of violence legitimating the authorities' suppression of civil rights. In 1973 the Buenos Aires provincial police investigated military training activities conducted by the TFP.[35] Around 1976 or 1977 a Father Vicente was forced to flee to Uruguay with the assistance of the JesuitProvincial, Jorge Bergoglio (later Pope Francis), after having been threatened by TFP for preaching against the murder of three Pallottine priests and two seminarians.[36]
Brazil
The Sociedade Brasileira de Defesa da Tradição, Família e Propriedade was founded in 1960 and flourished during conservative opposition to the land reform proposed in Brazil by the government of João Goulart. Goulart's land reform program was criticized by Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira, the economist Luis Mendonca de Freitas, and reactionary bishops Antonio de Castro Mayer and Geraldo de Proença Sigaud[37] in their 1961 book, Agrarian Reform—A Question of Conscience, which treated private property as a moral absolute.[38][39] The Brazilian TFP's campaign against what it termed "socialist and confiscatory land reform"[40][41] provided the incentives leading to the military coup of 1964 as well as later repressive legislation.[42][43] In 1968 the Brazilian TFP gathered two million signatures on a continent-wide petition campaign against Communist infiltration of the Catholic Church[17][44] which placed it in clear opposition to the mainstream of the Brazilian hierarchy.[45] TFP also urged the military government to arrest Archbishop Hélder Câmara for his support of land reform.[42] In 1969 Câmara linked the TFP indirectly to the murder in Recife of his aide, Father Antônio Henrique Pereira Neto.[34][46]
These actions, as well as TFP's opposition to liberation theology, led to a string of criticism beginning in 1970 from a number of bishops, including the National Conference of Bishops of Brazil, which saw the TFP as destroying ecclesiastical unity.[47] Notably, at their 23rd general assembly in 1985 the Brazilian Bishops criticized TFP for its "lack of communion … with the Church in Brazil, its hierarchy, and the Holy Father" and for its "esoteric character, the religious fanaticism, and the cult given to the personality of its leader and his mother."[40] The Brazilian TFP replied the next day that "justice forbids TFP from accepting as valid vague and generic accusations like those in the NCBB text. Specific facts and proofs must be presented."[40] The American TFP attributed the bishops' critique to "the tragic influence of Marxist liberation theology among Brazilian bishops".[40]
The Brazilian TFP split into two factions after the death of its founder in 1995 and a dispute over the rights to the society's name and assets has been progressing through the Brazilian courts. As of 2013 the final decision was waiting on action of the Supreme Court.[48] After an unfavorable court decision in 2004 the remaining, politically active faction formed the Association of Founders of TFP to continue the original expression of their social ideals and to contest the court case.[48][49] Since this split, the Association of Founders has received substantial financial support from the American TFP.[22] Subsequently, the Association of Founders of TFP formed a new organization, the Instituto Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira, which carried out much the same program as the original TFP.[50] The Institute's web page provides links to many national TFPs on its list of affiliated organizations[51] and it, along with its periodical Catolicismo, are the two Brazilian organizations listed as an "Inspired and Related Group" on the US TFP's web page.[52] The official website of the original Brazilian Society for Defense of Tradition, Family and Property still remains active and promotes their magazine, named Dr. Plinio, despite the restrictions imposed on them.[53]
Chile
In 1967 a group of conservative Catholics who published the magazine Fiducia, decided to form a Chilean chapter of the TFP. During the late 60s the TFP circulated a book claiming the President, Eduardo Frei Montalva, was the Chilean Kerensky. The book was written in Portuguese by Fabio Vidigal Xavier da Silveira, a director of the Brazilian TFP, translated into Spanish by the Argentine affiliate of the TFP, and distributed in Chile and throughout South America. Vidigal argued that the Christian Democratic party was a tool of the communist plan to socialize Latin America. His book was repeatedly confiscated and the TFP was banned by Frei's Christian Democratic government.[34][54] They opposed the government of Salvador Allende and welcomed the United States sponsored 1973 military coup that overthrew his Popular Unity government.[55][56]
In 1976, during the Pinochet dictatorship, the TFP published a book maintaining that Catholics are duty bound to resist pastors and clergy who support the hierarchy, especially the defender of human rights Cardinal Raúl Silva Henríquez, who they said was leading the country toward Communism.[57] The Chilean TFP can be seen as advocating violence against the "enemies of the truth", especially those who were seen as tolerating the infiltration of communism.[35] By March the Chilean Bishops' Conference responded with a formal rebuke of the TFP, maintaining that the bishops have the sole governing responsibility in the Church and that those who participated in this campaign have "by their actions placed themselves outside the Catholic Church".[58] Nonetheless, the TFP continued to have strong influence among the conservative political, military, and economic leadership of Chile, many of whom were present at a 1992 anniversary celebration of the founding of TFP.[35]
France
The Société française pour la défense de la Tradition, Famille, Propriété grew out of an office established in 1974 by four Latin American members of TFP to disseminate information regarding TFP in Europe. French associates established the Jeunes Français pour une Civilisation Chrétienne in 1975, which took its present name in January 1977.[59] Its statutes set the goals of defending the fundamental principles of Christian Civilization and opposing the principles of liberal and egalitarian revolution and the communism and socialism which that revolution engendered.[25] With its foundation it established a school, l'École Saint-Benoït, which was closed after two years amid accusations that it was being used as a center of indoctrination and recruitment.[60]
The society was described as one of the most active of the pseudo-Catholic organizations by The French Assembly's Commission of inquiry into cults.[61] The Commission defined as pseudo-Catholic those organizations that appeal to the Catholic tradition which they maintain against the reforms imposed by Rome. TFP was also seen to exemplify a mastery of commercial fund-raising techniques, with a network of closely related organizations targeting messages to susceptible recipients.[62] Many critics also come from Catholic circles. For example, in 2006, the Journal chrétien recalled that "the main grievances against the TFP are intellectual swindle, indoctrination, destruction of the followers' personality which are separated from family, cult of the founder, systematic and destructive criticism of all that exists, also about finances".[63] An association fighting against the sects in the Catholic Church, "L'envers du décor", considers the TFP as a cult and accuses it of hiding the past of its leaders as well as the "worship of the founder's personality, mental manipulation, recruitment of young people and other questionable activities that make it look like many modern cults".[64]
The Young South Africans for a Christian Civilisation (TFP) was founded in 1984, during the declining years of the apartheid regime, to resist "the liberal, socialist and communist trends of the times"[68] and to provide theological support for the idea of a natural inequality in society. Early targets of TFP's expansion into South Africa were the Catholic, Portuguese speaking, refugees from newly independent Mozambique. One of its activities was to oppose the newspaper, New Nation, which had been funded by the Southern African Catholic Bishops Conference, advanced liberation theology, and opposed apartheid but which TFP saw as "communist inspired". TFP sought to undermine the bishops' popular support and appealed, unsuccessfully, to the Pope that he ban the paper. TFP's efforts were more successful in providing justification for the government's three-month suspension of the newspaper in 1987. The State President and an unnamed government minister wrote the TFP commending them for supporting the goals of the National Party government.[69] The South African bishops issued a strongly worded rebuttal of the accusation that the New Nation was a "communist" newspaper[70] and noted that TFP's critiques ignored the gospel basis of liberation theology.[71]
TFP maintains that they supported the Catholic Bishops' 1952 statement in opposition to Apartheid. They also oppose the excesses of laissez-faire capitalism, but more so the radically liberal and socialist egalitarianism found in Communism which the Catholic Church defines as "intrinsically wrong".[72] TFP favors natural and harmonious inequalities in an organic society.[73]
^"A 'Phenomenon' Called TFP", New York Times, p. WC7, 17 December 1978
^Power, Margaret (2011), "Transnational, Conservative, Catholic, and Anti-Communist: Tradition, Family, and Property (TFP)", in Durham, Martin; Power, Margaret (eds.), New Perspectives on the Transnational Right, New York: Palgrave-MacMillan, pp. 88–89, ISBN978-0-230-62370-5
^Matta, Raúl (2008), "Tradition, Famille et Proprieté: Une enquête sur les " croisés " du XXIe siècle", L'Ordinaire Latino-Américaine (in French) (210): 121–137, doi:10.4000/orda.2642, ISSN0997-0584
^Bruneau, Thomas C. (1974), The Political Transformation of the Brazilian Catholic Church, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 227, ISBN978-0-521-20256-5, [TFP] has by and large ignored the Second Vatican Council and some of its important members have criticized Popes John XXIII and Paul VI for their leftist leanings. The organization has the complete support of a handful of bishops…. The TFP is a live organization and extremely influential among certain sections in the government and upper middle-class society. From its inception the TFP diverged from the mainstream of the Church.
^Löwy, Michael (1996), The War of Gods: Religion and Politics in Latin America, Critical studies in Latin American and Iberian cultures, London: Verso, p. 38, ISBN978-1-85984-002-3
^ abPower, Margaret (2011), "Transnational, Conservative, Catholic, and Anti-Communist: Tradition, Family, and Property (TFP)", in Durham, Martin; Power, Margaret (eds.), New Perspectives on the Transnational Right, New York: Palgrave-MacMillan, pp. 85–105, ISBN978-0-230-62370-5
^Zanotto, Gizele (2007), Tradição, família e propriedade (TFP): as idiossincrasias de um movimento católico (1960-1995) (Doctoral thesis) (in Portuguese), Florianópolis: Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, pp. 247–248
^Power, Margaret (2011), "Transnational, Conservative, Catholic, and Anti-Communist: Tradition, Family, and Property (TFP)", in Durham, Martin; Power, Margaret (eds.), New Perspectives on the Transnational Right, New York: Palgrave-MacMillan, p. 100, ISBN978-0-230-62370-5, Transnationalism is central to the TFP and helps to explain the organization's ability to exist and continue to work some fifty years after it was founded.
^ abReturn of Organization Exempt From Income Tax (IRS Form 990N), New York: Foundation for a Christian Civilization,
200520062007200820092010201120122013. Retrieved 2 February 2015. Approximately $1,400,000 was transferred to the Associação dos Fundadores de TFP between 2005 and 2013.
^Power, Margaret (2011), "Transnational, Conservative, Catholic, and Anti-Communist: Tradition, Family, and Property (TFP)", in Durham, Martin; Power, Margaret (eds.), New Perspectives on the Transnational Right, New York: Palgrave-MacMillan, pp. 91–92, ISBN978-0-230-62370-5
^Zanotto, Gizele (2007), Tradição, família e propriedade (TFP): as idiossincrasias de um movimento católico (1960-1995) (Doctoral thesis) (in Portuguese), Florianópolis: Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, pp. 282–284
^"The American TFP"(PDF), Crusade Magazine, 134, Hanover, PA: The American Society for the Defense of Tradition, Family and Property: [3], March–April 2015
^ ab"Self Managing Socialism: Today France — Tomorrow the World [Advertisement]", The Wall Street Journal, p. 9, 1 July 1982
^"France: The Fist Crushes the Rose [Advertisement]", The New York Times, p. B20, 26 February 1982
^Ivereigh, Austen (2014), The Great Reformer: Francis and the Making of a Radical Pope (Kindle ed.), New York: Henry Holt and Co., locations 2905-2909, ISBN978-1-62779-158-8
^Mutchler, David E. (1965), "Roman Catholicism in Brazil", Studies in Comparative International Development, 1 (8): 104, doi:10.1007/BF02800577, S2CID154740430, The two bishops constitute the core of the reactionary wing and their position is able to command little allegiance from the rest of the Brazilian hierarchy.
^Mutchler, David E. (1965), "Roman Catholicism in Brazil", Studies in Comparative International Development, 1 (8): 104, doi:10.1007/BF02800577, S2CID154740430, Although occasionally citing an isolated quotation from Pius XI, the book sought support chiefly from nineteenth-century papal pronouncements.
^Power, Margaret (2011), "Transnational, Conservative, Catholic, and Anti-Communist: Tradition, Family, and Property (TFP)", in Durham, Martin; Power, Margaret (eds.), New Perspectives on the Transnational Right, New York: Palgrave-MacMillan, pp. 92–93, ISBN978-0-230-62370-5
^Kornbluh, Peter. Chile and the United States: declassified documents relating to the military coup, September 11, 1973. [National Security Archive, George Washington University]. OCLC43915929.
^Power, Margaret (2011), "Transnational, Conservative, Catholic, and Anti-Communist: Tradition, Family, and Property (TFP)", in Durham, Martin; Power, Margaret (eds.), New Perspectives on the Transnational Right, New York: Palgrave-MacMillan, pp. 95–96, ISBN978-0-230-62370-5
^Who We Are, Young South Africans for a Christian Civilisation, retrieved 12 February 2015
^Tomaselli, Keyan G.; Teer-Tomaselli, Ruth (2003), "New Nation: Anachronistic Catholicism and Liberation Theology", in Couldry, Nick; Curran, James (eds.), Contesting Media Power: Alternative Media in a Networked World, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 195–207, ISBN0-7425-7520-9
^SACBC Statement on Attacks on The New Nation(PDF), 20 July 1987, retrieved 3 November 2015, Tradition-Family-Property …[is] corroborating the view and stance of the National Party, which, as especially the black community knows, cannot tolerate opposition or alternative views on the realities of South Africa today.
^Bishop Reginald Orsmond (March 1989), SACBC Statement on Gospel-based Liberation Theology(PDF), retrieved 3 November 2015, Tradition, Family and Property (TFP) and the post-Vatican II Catholic Church do not speak the same language. This is particularly true when TFP uses the words 'liberation theology'…. To them, liberation theology is a dirty word…. Tradition, Family and Property follows the practise of those in power in South Africa, to use the word communism as a red herring to besmirch any attempt by those who protest against the manifest injustices of the apartheid system.
^Pius XI (19 March 1937). "Divini Redemptoris". The Holy See. Rome. Retrieved 9 August 2022. 58. See to it, Venerable Brethren, that the Faithful do not allow themselves to be deceived! Communism is intrinsically wrong, and no one who would save Christian civilization may collaborate with it in any undertaking whatsoever.
^Power, Margaret (2011), "Transnational, Conservative, Catholic, and Anti-Communist: Tradition, Family, and Property (TFP)", in Durham, Martin; Power, Margaret (eds.), New Perspectives on the Transnational Right, New York: Palgrave-MacMillan, pp. 96–97, ISBN978-0-230-62370-5
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