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Toungoo dynasty
တောင်ငူမင်းဆက်
*taungnguumainn saat*
Toungoo dynasty တောင်ငူမင်းဆက်; taungnguumainn saat
1510–1752
	Toungoo Dynasty at its greatest extent (1580)
	The restored Taungoo or Nyaungyan Dynasty c. 1650
Status	Empire/Kingdom
Capital	Toungoo (Taungoo) (1510–1539); Pegu (Bago) (1539–1599); Ava (Inwa) (1599–1613); Pegu (Bago) (1613–1635); Ava (Inwa) (1635–1752)
Common languages	Official; Burmese Regional Thai, Pak Tai (Ayutthaya); Mon (Lower Burma); Shan (Shan states); Lanna (Lan Na); Lao (Lan Xang); Meithei (Manipur);
Religion	Official; Theravada Buddhism Minority Animism; Christianity; Hinduism; Islam;
Government	Absolute monarchy
• 1485–1530	Mingyi Nyo
• 1530–1550	Tabinshwehti
• 1550–1581	Bayinnaung
• 1605–1628	Anaukpetlun
• 1629–1648	Thalun
• 1733–1752	Mahadhammaraza Dipadi
Legislature	None
History
• Toungoo dynasty founded	1485
• Independence from Ava Kingdom	16 October 1510
• Expension of Bayinnaung	1510–1599
• Nyaungyan Restoration	1599–1752
• Hanthawaddy conquest	23 March 1752
Population
• Census	1,982,000 - 2,313,000[citation needed]
Currency	Silver
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Kingdom of Ava
	Hanthawaddy Kingdom
	Confederation of Shan States
	Lan Na Kingdom
	Ayutthaya Kingdom
	Lan Xang
	Manipur (kingdom)
Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom
Konbaung dynasty
Ayutthaya Kingdom
Today part of	Myanmar; Thailand; India; Laos; China; Malaysia; Cambodia; Vietnam;

The Toungoo dynasty (Burmese: တောင်ငူမင်းဆက်, [tàʊɰ̃ŋù mɪ́ɰ̃ zɛʔ]; also spelt Taungoo dynasty, and also known as the Nyaungyan dynasty, was the ruling dynasty of Burma (Myanmar) from the mid-16th century to 1752. At its peak, the Toungoo Empire was the largest and strongest empire in Southeast Asia. The dynasty ruled in two periods: the First Toungoo Empire (1510–1599) and the Nyaungyan Restoration (1599–1752).

Its early kings Tabinshwehti and Bayinnaung succeeded in reunifying the territories of the Pagan Kingdom for the first time since 1287 and in incorporating the Shan States for the first time, in addition to including Manipur, Chinese Shan States, Siam and Lan Xang.^[1] The empire collapsed in the 18 years following Bayinnaung's death in 1581. The dynasty quickly regrouped under the leadership of Nyaungyan Min and his son, Anaukpetlun, who succeeded in restoring a smaller, more manageable kingdom, encompassing Lower Burma, Upper Burma, Shan States and Lan Na by 1622. The Restored Toungoo kings, now based in Ava (Inwa), created a legal and political system whose basic features would continue under the Konbaung dynasty well into the 19th century. The crown completely replaced the hereditary chieftainships with appointed governorships in the entire Irrawaddy valley and greatly reduced the hereditary rights of Shan chiefs. Its trade and secular administrative reforms built a prosperous economy for more than 80 years.

The kingdom entered a gradual decline due to the "palace rule" of its kings. Starting from the 1720s, the kingdom was beset with raids by the Meitei people of the Chindwin River, and a rebellion in Chiang Mai. Raids by the Meitei intensified in the 1730s, reaching increasingly deeper parts of central Burma. In 1740, the Mon people in Lower Burma began a rebellion, founding the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom. The Hanthawaddy armies captured Inwa in 1752 and ended the 266-year-old Toungoo dynasty.

History

King Mingyi Nyo founded the First Taungoo Dynasty (1485–1569) at Taungoo far up the Sittaung River south of Inwa towards the end of the Ava Kingdom in 1510. After the conquest of Inwa by the Mohnyin-led Shan sawbwas in 1527, many Burmese-speakers migrated to Taungoo, which became a new centre.

Mingyi Nyo's son, King Tabinshwehti, unified most of Burma, consolidating his power and pushing southward, over-running the Irrawaddy Delta and crushing the Hanthawaddy capital of Bago. In 1544, Tabinshwehti was crowned as king of all Burma at the ancient capital of Bagan. By this time, the geopolitical situation in Southeast Asia had changed dramatically. The Shan gained power in a new kingdom in the north, the Ayutthaya Kingdom had established itself as a suzerain power around the Chao Phraya river basin, while the Portuguese Empire had arrived in the south and conquered Malacca.

With the coming of European traders, Burma was once again an important trading centre, and Tabinshwehti moved his capital to Bago due to its strategic position for commerce. He then began assembling an army for an attack on coastal Rakhine State to the west. Tabinshwehti's forces were defeated at Arakan but he was able to gain control of Lower Burma up to Pyay. He led his retreating army eastward to the Ayutthaya Kingdom, where he was again defeated in the Burmese–Siamese War (1547–49). A period of unrest and rebellions among other conquered peoples followed and Tabinshwehti was assassinated in 1550.

Bayinnaung's Empire

Tabinshwehti's brother-in-law, Bayinnaung, succeeded to the throne in 1550 and reigned 30 years, launching a campaign of conquest invading several states, including Manipur (1560) and Ayutthaya (1564). An energetic leader and effective military commander, he made Taungoo the most powerful state in Southeast Asia and extended his borders from Laos to Ayutthaya. Bayinnaung was poised to deliver a final, decisive assault on the western kingdom of Arakan when he died in 1581. His son Nanda Bayin and his successors were forced to quell rebellions in other parts of the kingdom, and the conquest of Arakan was never achieved.

Restored Taungoo

Faced with rebellion by several cities and renewed Portuguese incursions, the Taungoo rulers withdrew from southern Burma and founded a second dynasty at Ava, the Nyaungyan or Restored Taungoo Dynasty (1597–1752). Bayinnaung's grandson, Anaukpetlun (1605–1628), once again reunited Burma in 1613 and decisively defeated Portuguese attempts to take over Burma. Anaukpetlun's successor Thalun (1629–1648) rebuilt the war torn country. Based on Thalun's revenue inquest in 1635, the Irrawaddy valley's population was estimated to be around 2 million.^[2]

The dynasty survived for another century and a half until the death of Mahadhammayaza in 1752. Encouraged by the French in India, Bago finally rebelled against Inwa, further weakening the state, which fell in 1752. The downfall of the Taungoo dynasty has been more broadly ascribed to institutional weaknesses in the capital, which intensified factionalism and succession disputes, and the uneven impact of growing trade and potential price inflation, on the elite's income streams.^[3]

Family tree

Mingyi Swe
V. of Toungoo
~1490s–1549
r.1540–1549

Yaza Dewi
~1500-?
Queen

Mingyi Nyo
1459–1530
r. 1510–1530

Yadana Dewi
1490s-?
Central Palace
Queen

Soe Min
Hteik-Tin
~1460s-~1530s
Chief queen

Dhamma Dewi
~1514/15-1580s
Chief queen

Tabinshwehti
1516–1550
r. 1530–1550

Khay Ma Naw
Chief queen

Atula Thiri
~1518–1568
Chief queen

Bayinnaung
1516–1581
r. 1550–1581

Khin Pyezon
~1530s-?
Queen

Shin
Htwe Myat

Sanda Dewi
1517/18–1580s?
Chief queen

Hanthawaddy
Mibaya
~1536–1606
Chief queen

Nanda
1535–1600
r. 1581–1599

Nyaungyan
1555–1605
r. 1599–1605

Khin Hpone
Myint
~1560-1610s
Chief queen

Atula
Sanda Dewi
Chief queen

Anaukpetlun
1578–1628
r. 1605–1628

Khin
Myo Myat

Min Lat

Mingala Dewi

Thalun
1584–1648
r. 1629–1648

Khin Myo Sit

Khin
Myat Hset

Minye
Deibba
1608–1629
r. 1628–1629

Khin
Hnin Paw
of Kengtung
Chief queen

Ne Myo
Ye Kyaw

Khin Ma
Min Sit

Atula Sanda
Dewi
Chief queen

Pindale
1608–1661
r. 1648–1661

Min Phyu
Chief queen

Pye
1619–1672
r. 1661–1672

Khin Ma Lat

Atula
Thiri
Chief queen

Minye
Kyawhtin
1651–1698
r. 1673–1698

Sanda Dewi

Narawara
1650–1673
r. 1672–1673

Sanay
1673–1714
r. 1698–1714

Maha Dewi
Chief queen

Taninganway
1689–1733
r. 1714–1733

Mingala Dewi
Chief queen

Maha Dhamma
Yaza
1714–1754
r. 1733–1752

Nanda
Dipadi
Chief queen

Governance

During the Toungoo dynasty, the Burmese crown undertook a series of reforms that strengthened the stability and relative longevity of the dynasty. While the First Toungoo empire had established the precedent of stitching together independent kingdoms under a single monarch, Restored Toungoo monarchs more successfully subordinated lowland principalities under the Burmese throne's direct control.^[3] Senior princes of these principalities were required to live at the Burmese capital under close supervision, and the ceremonial insignia of these provincial rulers was downgraded.^[3] Other reforms included direct central control of provincial deputies, more effective links with provincial village chiefs, and expansion of the ahmudan system around the capital.^[3] Beginning in 1635, the Burmese crown began to conduct comprehensive censuses, and consolidated access to provincial manpower and tax collections.^[3] The Burmese monkhood in Upper Burma was also subject to more effective personnel and financial regulations.^[3]

References

^ Lieberman, Victor B. (14 July 2014). Burmese Administrative Cycles: Anarchy and Conquest, c. 1580-1760. Princeton University Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-4008-5585-8. Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
^ Dr. Than Tun (December 1968). "Administration Under King Thalun". Journal of Burma Research Society. 51, Part 2: 173–188.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Lieberman, Victor (2018). "Was the Seventeenth Century a Watershed in Burmese History?". In Reid, Anthony J. S. (ed.). Southeast Asia in the Early Modern Era: Trade, Power, and Belief. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-1-5017-3217-1. Archived from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2020.