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The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Syracuse, Sicily, Italy. Syracuse was the main city of Sicily from 5th century BCE to 878 CE.

Prior to 17th century

8th C. BCE – Settlement established by Corinthian Greeks.^[1]^(it)
663 BCE - Founded the settlement of Akrai.^[2]
643 BCE - Founded the settlement of Casmenae.^[2]
6th C. BCE – Greek Theatre of Syracuse built.^[3]
598 BCE - Founded the settlement of Kamarina.^[2]
498–491 BCE - Hippocrates of Gela threatened the independence of Syracuse.^[2]
491–478 BCE - Gelon is tyrant of Syracuse.
480 BCE - Gelon defeats Carthage at the Battle of Himera.
415–413 BCE – Syracuse besieged by Greek forces.^[1]^[2]
397 BCE - Siege of Syracuse (397 BC)
343 BCE - Siege of Syracuse (343 BC)
311-309 BCE - Siege of Syracuse (311–309 BC)
287 BCE – Birth of mathematician Archimedes (approximate date).
278 BCE - Siege of Syracuse (278 BC)
214 BCE – Siege of Syracuse (213–212 BC) by Roman forces.^[1]
44 BCE – People of Syracuse (and Sicily) gain Roman citizenship.^[4]
2nd–4th C. CE – Roman Catholic diocese of Siracusa established.^[5]
3rd C. CE – Death of bishop Marciano di Siracusa [it].^[4]
278–280 CE – Syracuse sacked by Franks.^[6]
304 – Death of Christian St. Lucia Of Syracuse during the Diocletianic Persecution.
535 – Syracuse taken by Belisarius of the Byzantine Empire.^[1]
668 – 15 September: Assassination of Byzantine emperor Constans II.^[7]
827-828 - Siege of Syracuse (827–828).
877–878 – Siege of Syracuse (877–878) by Aghlabid forces.^[2]
1088 – Syracuse besieged by forces of Roger I of Sicily.^[8]
1140 – Earthquake.^[9]^(it)
1239 – Castello Maniace built.^[10]^[2]
1397 – Palazzo Montalto built on Ortygia island.^[2]
1448 – Unrest.^[6]
1542 – Earthquake.^[8]^(it)

17th–19th centuries

1608 – Caravaggio paints "Burial of St. Lucy" in the Chiesa di Santa Lucia alla Badia [it].
1633 – Palazzo del Vermexio [it] built.
1673 – Porta Ligny (gate) built.^{[citation needed]}
1693 – 1693 Sicily earthquake.^[8]
1710 – 9 November: Naval Battle of Syracuse (1710) fought near city during the War of the Spanish Succession.
1753 – Cathedral of Syracuse built.
1757 – Earthquake.^[9]^[8]
1779 – Palazzo Beneventano del Bosco rebuilt.
1790 – Maritime navigation school established.^{[citation needed]}
1847 - Fountain of Arethusa remodelled into current form^[11]
1854 – Archbishop's Palace [it] built.
1860 – 1 August: Forces of Garabaldi arrive in city.^{[citation needed]}
1861 – Population: 19,590.^[6]
1862 – Syracuse Chamber of Commerce established.^[12]
1865 – Province of Syracuse created.
1867 – Biblioteca comunale (library) founded.^[13]
1870 – Gazzetta di Siracusa newspaper begins publication.^[14]
1871
- Siracusa railway station opens.
- Ferrovia Messina-Siracusa [it] (railway) begins operating.
1880 – Tamburo newspaper begins publication.^[15]
1881 - Population: 21,739.^[2]
1886
- Siracusa–Gela–Canicattì railway (railway) begins operating.
- Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Siracusa (museum) opens.
1892 – Stazione di Siracusa Marittima [it] (train station) opens at the Port of Syracuse [it].
1897
- Teatro Comunale (Syracuse) [it] (theatre) opens.^[16]
- Population: 25,740.^[17]

20th century

1907 – Fontana di Diana [it] (fountain) installed in Piazza Archimede.
1911 – Population: 40,835.^[18]
1915 – Ferrovia Siracusa-Solarino [it] (railway) begins operating.
1920 – Giornale di Siracusa newspaper in publication.^[19]
1924
- 13 August: Benito Mussolini visits city.
- A.S. Siracusa (football club) formed.
1928 – Strada statale 115 Sud Occidentale Sicula (Trapani-Syracuse roadway) opens.
1932 – Stadio Nicola De Simone (stadium) opens in Santa Lucia [it].
1934 – Palazzo delle Poste (post office) built.^[16]
1938
- Stazione di Targia [it] industrial railway station begins operating.
- Monumento ai Caduti italiani d'Africa [it] construction begins at Piazza dei Cappuccini.
1941 – Bombing of Syracuse during World War II begins.^(it)
1943: 9–10 July: City taken by British forces.
1948 – Bellomo Palace Regional Gallery opens.
1950 – Augusta-Priolo petrochemical complex begins operating near city.^{[citation needed]}
1951 – Population: 66,090.^(it)
1953
- Madonna delle Lacrime [it] (weeping statue) allegedly occurs, according to tradition.^[4]
- Syracuse Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery established near city.
1960
- Regata internazionale Siracusa-Malta [it] (race) begins.^[20]
- Syracuse Aquarium [it] opens (approximate date).
1961 – Population: 83,205.^(it)
1963 – Archivio di Stato di Siracusa (state archives) active.^[21]
1990 – 13 December: 1990 Carlentini earthquake occurs.
1991 – Population: 125,941.^(it)
1994 – Santuario della Madonna delle Lacrime (Syracuse) [it] built.
1996 – U.S. Siracusa (football club) active.
1999
- Compagnia dei pupari Vaccaro-Mauceri [it] (puppet theatre) established.
- Giambattista Bufardeci [it] becomes mayor.

21st century

2005 – Syracuse and the Rocky Necropolis of Pantalica designated an UNESCO World Heritage Site.
2008 – Roberto Visentin becomes mayor.
2009
- April: G8 Ambiente [it] meeting of environmental leaders held in city.^[22]
- Pista ciclabile Rossana Maiorca [it] (bike path) opens.^{[chronology citation needed]}
2013
- June: Italian local elections, 2013 held.
- 20 September: 400+ refugees of the Syrian Civil War arrive at port of Syracuse.^[23]
- Giancarlo Garozzo [it] becomes mayor.^[24]
- Siracusa Calcio football club active.
- Population: 118,644.^[25]
2015 – Regional Libero consorzio comunale di Siracusa [it] created (replacing Province of Syracuse).

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Domenico 2002.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Britannica 1910.
^ "Ancient Greece, 1000 B.C.–1 A.D.: Key Events". Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
^ ^a ^b ^c Kininmonth 1965.
^ "Chronology of Catholic Dioceses: Italy". Norway: Roman Catholic Diocese of Oslo. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
^ ^a ^b ^c Treccani 1936.
^ Ring 1996.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Haydn 1910.
^ ^a ^b Mario Baratta [in Italian] (1901). I terremoti d'Italia [Earthquakes in Italy] (in Italian). Turin: Fratelli Bocca. (includes chronology)
^ "Syracuse". Oxford Art Online. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help) Retrieved 25 June 2017
^ Cord, David (2023). The Spring of Arethusa. p. 98-100.
^ "Profilo storico istituzionale" (in Italian). Camera di Commercio di Siracusa. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
^ "(Comune: Siracusa)". Anagrafe delle biblioteche italiane (Registry of Italian Libraries) (in Italian). Istituto Centrale per il Catalogo Unico. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
^ Bernardini 1890.
^ "Giornali e giornalisti", Almanacco Italiano (in Italian), Florence: R. Bemporad & figlio, 1896, pp. 431+
^ ^a ^b Touring Club Italiano 1999.
^ "Italy". Statesman's Year-Book. London: Macmillan and Co. 1899. hdl:2027/nyp.33433081590550 – via HathiTrust.
^ "Italy". Statesman's Year-Book. London: Macmillan and Co. 1913. hdl:2027/njp.32101072368374.
^ "OPAC SBN" (in Italian). Istituto Centrale per il Catalogo Unico delle biblioteche italiane e per le informazioni bibliografiche. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
^ "Sabato parte la Malta-Siracusa", La Stampa (in Italian), 10 July 2008
^ "Storia dell'Istituto". Archivio di Stato di Siracusa (in Italian). Ministero dei Beni e delle Attività Culturali e del Turismo. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
^ G8 and poor nations vow to tackle species loss, Reuters, 24 April 2009
^ More than 400 Syrian refugees reach Italy by sea, one dies, Reuters, 21 September 2013
^ "Il sindaco Giancarlo Garozzo al 38° posto in Italia", Siracusa Live (in Italian), 11 January 2016
^ "Resident Population". Demo-Geodemo. Istituto Nazionale di Statistica. Retrieved 23 December 2016.

This article incorporates information from the Italian Wikipedia.

Bibliography

in English

William Smith, ed. (1872) [1854]. "Syracusae". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray. hdl:2027/hvd.ah5cur.
George Henry Townsend; Frederick Martin (1877), "Syracuse", A Manual of Dates (5th ed.), London: Frederick Warne & Co., hdl:2027/wu.89097349427
"Syracuse". Chambers's Encyclopaedia. London. 1901. hdl:2027/njp.32101065312959.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
"Syracuse", Southern Italy and Sicily (15th ed.), Leipzig: Karl Baedeker, 1908 (+ 1867 ed.)
Douglas Brooke Wheelton Sladen (1908). "Syracuse History (timeline)". Sicily, the New Winter Resort: An Encyclopaedia of Sicily (2nd ed.). Methuen.
Freeman, Edward Augustus; Ashby, Thomas (1910). "Syracuse" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). pp. 296–302.
Benjamin Vincent (1910), "Syracuse", Haydn's Dictionary of Dates (25th ed.), London: Ward, Lock & Co., hdl:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t41r6xh8t
Herbermann, Charles George (1912). "Syracuse". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Christopher Kininmonth (1965). "Syracuse". Travellers' Guide to Sicily. Jonathan Cape. pp. 172–208 – via Open Library.
Trudy Ring, ed. (1996). "Syracuse". Southern Europe. International Dictionary of Historic Places. Vol. 3. Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 674+. ISBN 9781134259656. OCLC 31045650.
Roy Domenico (2002). "Sicily: Syracuse". Regions of Italy: a Reference Guide to History and Culture. Greenwood. pp. 291+. ISBN 0313307334.
Christopher Kleinhenz, ed. (2004). "Syracuse". Medieval Italy: an Encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN 0415939291.
Colum Hourihane, ed. (2012). "Syracuse". Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-539536-5.

in Italian

"Siracusa". Guida generale di Sicilia e Malta: storica, artistica, commerciale (in Italian) (3rd ed.). Catania: Niccolò Giannotta. 1889. hdl:2027/gri.ark:/13960/t0zp6s27f. (+ via Internet Archive)
Nicola Bernardini, ed. (1890). "Provincia di Siracusa". Guida della stampa periodica italiana (in Italian). Lecce: R. Tipografia editrice salentina dei fratelli Spacciante. hdl:2027/njp.32101074983378.
"Siracusa". Sicilia. Guida d'Italia (in Italian). Milan: Touring Club Italiano. 1919. p. 349+. hdl:2027/uc1.$b535988.
"Siracusa", Enciclopedia Italiana (in Italian), 1936
M. Guido (1960). Siracusa: Guida storico pratica ai suoi principali monumenti ed ai luoghi d'interesse (in Italian).
T. Carpinteri (1983). Siracusa, città fortificata (in Italian).
Siracusa e provincia (in Italian). Milan: Touring Club Italiano. 1999. ISBN 978-88-365-1253-9.

External links

"Archivio Storico Comunale". Città di Siracusa (in Italian). Comune di Siracusa. 10 March 2023. (city archives)
Items related to Syracuse, various dates (via Europeana)
Items related to Syracuse, various dates (via Digital Public Library of America)

Images

Porta Ligny, built 1673, demolished 1893
Stazione Siracusa Marittima, opened in 1892
Teatro Communale, opened in 1897
Post Office, built 1935 (photo 2006)
Augusta-Priolo industrial complex near city, est. circa 1950 (photo 2015)

[FOOTNOTEDomenico2002-1] Domenico 2002.

[FOOTNOTEBritannica1910-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Britannica 1910.

[MMA-eusb04-3] "Ancient Greece, 1000 B.C.–1 A.D.: Key Events". Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 23 December 2016.

[FOOTNOTEKininmonth1965-4] Kininmonth 1965.

[5] "Chronology of Catholic Dioceses: Italy". Norway: Roman Catholic Diocese of Oslo. Retrieved 23 December 2016.

[FOOTNOTETreccani1936-6] Treccani 1936.

[FOOTNOTERing1996-7] Ring 1996.

[FOOTNOTEHaydn1910-8] Haydn 1910.

[baratta1901-9] Mario Baratta [in Italian] (1901). I terremoti d'Italia [Earthquakes in Italy] (in Italian). Turin: Fratelli Bocca. (includes chronology)

[OxfordArt-10] "Syracuse". Oxford Art Online. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help) Retrieved 25 June 2017

[11] Cord, David (2023). The Spring of Arethusa. p. 98-100.

[12] "Profilo storico istituzionale" (in Italian). Camera di Commercio di Siracusa. Retrieved 24 June 2017.

[iccu-13] "(Comune: Siracusa)". Anagrafe delle biblioteche italiane (Registry of Italian Libraries) (in Italian). Istituto Centrale per il Catalogo Unico. Retrieved 23 December 2016.

[FOOTNOTEBernardini1890-14] Bernardini 1890.

[15] "Giornali e giornalisti", Almanacco Italiano (in Italian), Florence: R. Bemporad & figlio, 1896, pp. 431+

[FOOTNOTETouring_Club_Italiano1999-16] Touring Club Italiano 1999.

[17] "Italy". Statesman's Year-Book. London: Macmillan and Co. 1899. hdl:2027/nyp.33433081590550 – via HathiTrust.

[18] "Italy". Statesman's Year-Book. London: Macmillan and Co. 1913. hdl:2027/njp.32101072368374.

[19] "OPAC SBN" (in Italian). Istituto Centrale per il Catalogo Unico delle biblioteche italiane e per le informazioni bibliografiche. Retrieved 24 June 2017.

[20] "Sabato parte la Malta-Siracusa", La Stampa (in Italian), 10 July 2008

[21] "Storia dell'Istituto". Archivio di Stato di Siracusa (in Italian). Ministero dei Beni e delle Attività Culturali e del Turismo. Retrieved 23 December 2016.

[22] G8 and poor nations vow to tackle species loss, Reuters, 24 April 2009

[23] More than 400 Syrian refugees reach Italy by sea, one dies, Reuters, 21 September 2013

[24] "Il sindaco Giancarlo Garozzo al 38° posto in Italia", Siracusa Live (in Italian), 11 January 2016

[25] "Resident Population". Demo-Geodemo. Istituto Nazionale di Statistica. Retrieved 23 December 2016.

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