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Thomas Stevens
Thomas Stevens
	Thomas Stevens in 1888
Born	1828; Foleshill, Warwickshire, England
Died	24 October 1888 (aged 59–60); London, England
Resting place	London Road Cemetery, Coventry
Occupation	Weaver
Known for	Inventing the Stevengraph
Children	7, including Thomas Inger Stevens

Thomas Stevens (1828–1888) was a 19th-century weaver in Coventry, famous for his innovation of the stevengraph, a woven silk picture.

Biography

In the 19th century the town of Coventry, England, was the centre of a ribbon weaving industry. Thomas Stevens was born in Foleshill, just to the north of Coventry, in 1828 to a relatively poor family.^[1] Stevens worked for Pears and Franklin, a local ribbon weavers in Coventry, and by 1854 had created his own ribbon firm.^[1] In 1860, however, the Cobden–Chevalier Treaty was signed; this free trade treaty introduced new competition into the industry, leading to a collapse in the local ribbon economy and a huge loss of employment in Coventry.^[2]

Stevens had considerable experience of experimenting with the Jacquard loom and responded to the local recession by trying to develop new products. He had invented a way of using the programmable loom to weave colourful pictures from silk.^[1] By 1862, Stevens could produce four different designs. He attempted to appeal to the mass market, selling his products between six pence and fifteen shillings each^[3] in order to stimulate a demand that would keep his workers in employment.^[4] Some of these pictures were used for bookmarks, greetings cards and specialised products for the Admiralty.^[1]

Business boomed and Stevens acquired two larger factories in turn; by 1875 he was calling his product the "Stevengraph", named after himself.^[1] He exhibited internationally in America, France and Holland, winning some 30 medals and diplomas.^[1] In 1878 Stevens moved to London and began to mount his Stevengraphs as framed pictures - by the late 1880s Stevens had over 900 different designs,^[3] including portraits, local scenes, British and foreign royalty, famous buildings, historical events, classical subjects, sports scenes, nursery rhymes and locomotion.^[5]

In 1888 Stevens died following a throat operation in London, and was buried in London Road Cemetery, Coventry.^[6]

Legacy

By the 1930s, Stevengraphs were considered collectable items, but the hobby was considered eccentric and mainly confined to female collectors. During the Second World War Coventry was attacked by German bombers; on 14 November 1940 the Coventry Blitz occurred, destroying the Stevens factory^[4] and the records of the Stevengraphs. In the late 1950s it emerged that Henry Stephens, a relative of Thomas, had saved one of the pattern books the night before the attack and kept it in safe storage. He later donated it to the Coventry City Council, who in turn entrusted it with the Herbert Art Gallery and Museum. Stevengraphs became valuable, with more male collectors entering the hobby.^[7] Prices rose, particularly for unusual or rarer images less popular during the Victorian period.

A large collection of Stevens' work and his pattern book is still held at the Herbert Art Gallery and Museum,^[1]^[8] with Stevengraphs also held in collections at the Bodleian Library,^[9] the Science Museum,^[10] the Victoria and Albert Museum^[11] and the National Trust property Greenway House, near Brixham, Devon.^[12]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Lynes, (n.d.).
^ Searby, P. PhD Thesis (1972). Weavers and freemen in Coventry, 1820-1861: social and political traditionalism in an early Victorian town. University of Warwick. Retrieved 15 November 2023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ ^a ^b Stevengraphs - What are they?, Stevengraph Collectors Association, accessed 4 October 2011; Lynes, (n.d.).^{[dead link‍]}
^ ^a ^b Krupnick, Max (8 October 2024). "Stevengraphs: Woven Silk Portraits from Coventry to Harvard | Harvard Magazine". www.harvardmagazine.com. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
^ "Stevengraph 1886-1902 (made)". Victoria and Albert Museum. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
^ "Ribbon/Silk Weavers". The London Road Cemetery. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
^ Wollen, pp. 68-69.
^ "Stevengraphs". The Herbert Art Gallery and Museum. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
^ Sayers, John (28 November 2017). "Woven silk postcards (Stevengraphs): guest post by John G. Sayers". John Johnson Collection: now and then. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
^ "Thomas Stevens | Science Museum Group Collection". collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
^ Museum, Victoria and Albert. "Search Results | V&A Explore the Collections". Victoria and Albert Museum. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
^ "The collection at Greenway | Devon". National Trust. Retrieved 16 October 2024.

Bibliography

Lynes, Alice. (n.d.) Thomas Stevens And His Silk Ribbon Pictures. Local History Pamphlet No.2. Coventry: Coventry City Libraries.
Wollen, Peter. (2004) Paris/Manhattan: Writings on Art. London: Verso. ISBN 978-1-85984-580-6.