Thomas Manton

For the New York politician, see Thomas J. Manton.
Not to be confused with Thomas Merton.

Thomas Manton.

Thomas Manton (1620–1677) was an English Puritan clergyman. He was a clerk to the Westminster Assembly and a chaplain to Oliver Cromwell.

Early life

Thomas Manton was baptised 31 March 1620 at Lydeard St Lawrence, Somerset, a remote southwestern portion of England. His grammar school education was possibly at Blundell's School, in Tiverton, Devon.[1] His formal education came at Wadham College, University of Oxford, and he eventually graduated BA in 1639 from Hart Hall. Joseph Hall, bishop of Norwich, ordained him deacon the following year: he never took priest's orders, holding that he was properly ordained to the ministerial office.[2]

Ministries at Sowton and Colyton (1640–1645)

He was then appointed town lecturer of Sowton in Devon, where he served from 1640 to 1643, and at Colyton, Devon, from 1643 to 1645.

Ministry at Stoke Newington (1645–1656)

In July 1645 he moved from the rural western counties to the London area, as Colonel Alexander Popham, the patron of St. Mary's parish, brought him east to the tiny town of Stoke Newington, in Middlesex county, outside London proper. Here he began his major mid-week lectures, first on Isaiah 53 (mid-1640s),[3] then on James (end of the 1640s), and finally on Jude (late 1640s–early 1650s).[4] While at Stoke Newington he was invited to preach before Parliament for the first of at least six occasions on 30 June 1647, which was a fast day for Parliament. His sermon was based on Zechariah 14:9 and entitled, "Meat out of the Eater; or, Hopes of Unity in and by Divided and Distracted Times."[5] Exactly one year later, on 30 June 1648, he preached another fast sermon on Revelation 3:20, "England's Spiritual Languishing; with the Causes and the Cure."[6] He also participated in the Westminster Assembly as one of three clerks, was later appointed to write a preface to the second edition of the Westminster Confession in 1658, and served Oliver Cromwell as a chaplain and a trier (an overseeing body that examined men for the ministry).

Ministry at Covent Garden (1656–1662)

In 1656 he moved to London as he was appointed as a lecturer at Westminster Abbey and most importantly as rector of St. Paul's, Covent Garden, succeeding Obadiah Sedgwick. During this time Cromwell died and England entered a period of great uncertainty. This led Presbyterians such as Manton to call for the restoration of Charles II in 1660, travelling along with others to Breda, The Netherlands, to negotiate his return. After Charles returned, Manton was part of the negotiations called the Savoy Conference, in which the scruples of the Presbyterians and Congregationalists concerning the Prayer Book were formally discussed. Yet since the Cavalier Parliament was filled with Laudians, 1662 saw the enactment of the Act of Uniformity 1662. All ministers were to be ordained or re-ordained by a bishop, they were to renounce the Solemn League and Covenant, promise loyalty to the Prayer Book, and subscribe the Thirty-Nine Articles. Since Manton was on favourable terms with Charles II he was offered the Deanery of Rochester, but he refused on conscience grounds.

Post-Ejection (1662–1677)

Manton's last years were tumultuous. The Act of Uniformity led to the "Great Ejection." On 17 August 1662, Manton preached his last sermon at Covent Garden on Hebrews 12:1.[7] Then on 24 August 1662, he resigned his living (pastorate) with almost 2,000 other Puritans in protest. Despite his lack of patronage, he continued to preach at home on King Street in Covent Garden.[8] He also continued to write even when imprisoned for refusing to cooperate for six months in 1670 in violation of the Conventicle Act. 1672 saw the Declaration of Indulgence, in which men like Manton were granted a licence to preach at home. Manton then became a lecturer at Pinner's Hall for the so-called "morning exercises." Parliament, though, revoked this Indulgence the year after. Manton later died on 18 October 1677, and was survived by his wife and three children.

Works

Although Manton is little known now, in his day he was held in as much esteem as men like John Owen. He was best known for his skilled expository preaching, and was a favourite of John Charles Ryle, who championed his republication in the mid-19th century, and Charles Spurgeon. Of Manton, Ryle said he was "a man who could neither say, nor do, nor write anything without being observed."[9] Spurgeon said his works contained "a mighty mountain of sound theology" and his sermons were "second to none" to his contemporaries. He went on to say, "Manton is not brilliant, but he is always clever; he is not oratorical, but he is powerful; he is not striking, but he is deep."[10] His finest work is probably his Exposition of James.

Complete works

References

  1. ^ There were two schools in Tiverton at this time: Blundell's and Chilcott's, but the evidence is unclear concerning which one Manton attended. Derek Cooper, The Ecumenical Exegete: Thomas Manton's Commentary on James in Relation to its Protestant Predecessors, Contemporaries, and Successors (Ph.D. thesis, Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia, 2008), 23.
  2. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Manton, Thomas". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 607.
  3. ^ Based on a comment in Manton's Works, 4:8
  4. ^ On the dating, see Cooper, The Ecumenical Exegete, 52–53.
  5. ^ Manton, Works, 5:377–409
  6. ^ Manton, Works, 5:411–440
  7. ^ Manton, Works, 2:411–421
  8. ^ William Harris, "Some Memoirs of the Life and Character of the Reverend and Learned Thomas Manton, D.D.," in Works, 1:xxix.
  9. ^ J. C. Ryle, "An Estimate of Manton," in The Works of Thomas Manton, 22 vols. (repr., Homewood, Alabama: Solid Ground, 2008), 2:iv.
  10. ^ C. H. Spurgeon, Flowers from a Puritan's Garden (1883, repr., Harrisonburg, Virginia: Sprinkle Publications, 1976), iii.