Thai queer cinema is a category of Thai films that in some way represent non-normative gender and sexuality.[1] In other words, the narratives explored in Thai queer cinema go beyond heterosexual relationships and the male-female gender binary.[1] The classification of this genre of Thai film as "queer" rather than LGBT, is used by film scholars, Brett Farmer,[1] Oradol Kaewprasert,[2] Karl Schoonover, and Rosalind Galt,[3] in an effort to fully capture the range of Thai gender and sexuality, or phet (Thai: เพศ, RTGS: phet) portrayed in film which may not be accurately represented through Western LGBT terminology.
Thai language scholar, Monruedee Laphimon, defines phet as gendered desires, expressions, behaviors, and sexual activities within a spectrum of masculinity and femininity.[4] Thai gender and sexuality scholar Peter A. Jackson coined the term "gendered sexuality" to discuss the lack of separation between the concepts of gender and sexuality in Thailand.[5] Jackson argues that for this reason, while the use of some English LGBT terminology has been adopted in Thailand, the meaning carried by these terms is not the same as their Western counterparts.[5] Film scholar, Brett Farmer, uses the term "vernacular queerness" to discuss how phet is represented in Thai queer cinema, highlighting how many films illustrate non-normative sexual desire and behavior but do not define the relationships nor the character's sexual identity.[6]
Thai queer cinema had its start in the 1980s with films such as The Last Song (1985), Tortured Love (1987), and I Am a Man (1987),[2] part of the first wave of Thai queer cinema, and continued through the post-1997 Thai Film Revival, also called the new wave of Thai cinema.[6] Currently, queer narratives are very popular in the Thai film industry.[7] Prominent Thai film critic for the Bangkok Post, Kong Rithdee, says that since the mid 1990s, queer narratives have become central to Thai cinema.[7] Within an international context, Lisa Daniels, an international film-festival director, has identified Thailand as one of the leading producers of queer cinema in the world.[6]
Within the genre of Thai queer cinema exist many sub-genres in both independent and commercial films. The sports film sub-genre was one of the first Thai queer cinema sub-genres to garner commercial success during the new wave of Thai cinema.[3] Sports films center storylines revolving around sports and prominent films in this sub-genre include The Iron Ladies (2000) and Beautiful Boxer (2003).[1] Teen dramas, also called melodramas, are another popular sub-genre of queer cinema in Thailand that portray the non-normative relationship and gender expression of teenagers.[1] Prominent queer teen drama films include Love of Siam (2007) and Yes or No (2010).[6] Art-house films are another prominent sub-genre of Thai queer cinema. Art-house films like Tropical Malady (2004)[8] and Supernatural (2014) have garnered critical success in the international film festival circuit.[9] Thai film directors, Apichatpong Weerasethakul and Thunska Pansittivorakul, have been recognized both in Thailand and internationally as key figures in the Thai queer cinema genre.[10][1]
History
The first wave of Thai queer cinema
The first Thai film to feature a central queer narrative was the film The Last Song (1985).[2] This film marked the beginning of what Thai cinema scholar, Oradol Kaewprasert, calls the “first wave of Thai queer cinema.”[2] Other prominent films included in the “first wave of Thai queer cinema” include Tortured Love (1987), a sequel to The Last Song (1985), and I Am A Man (1987), a Thai remake of the American play The Boys in the Band (1968).[2] This era of queer film was dominated by narratives that showed queer characters as people deserving sympathy from the audience and featured storylines dominated by stereotypes about the lives of queer people centering loss and depression, and often ending in the suicide of the queer character.[2] Films in the first wave also often explicitly named “bad karma” as an explanation for the source of a character’s queerness.[11] Thai cinema scholar, Oradol Kaewprasert, identified the following three films as the seminal films of the “first wave of Thai queer cinema.”[2]
The Last Song (1985) (dir. Pisal Akkrasenee)
The Last Song (1985) was the first Thai film to center a queer storyline and the first Thai film to feature a kathoey actress as the leading role in a film.[2] The film garnered substantial commercial success and was a top earning film in the box office the year that it was released in theaters.[11] The plot revolves around a kathoey cabaret performer, Somying, who falls in love with an aspiring singer who leaves her for a cisgender woman. The loss of the love of her life leads Somying to commit suicide on stage during her final cabaret performance.[11] The film’s director, Pisal Akkrasenee, a heterosexual man, stated in an interview that he wanted The Last Song (1985) to capture the tragic experience of being kathoey in Thai society.[11]
Tortured Love (1987) (dir. Pisal Akkrasenee)
Tortured Love (1987), is the sequel to the film The Last Song (1985) and was produced in large part due to the commercial success of its predecessor. However, Tortured Love (1987) did not end up being nearly as successful.[2] The plot of the film revolves around Somying’s, who committed suicide at the end of The Last Song (1985), twin brother. The twin brother attempts to seek revenge on Somying’s former lover, Boonterm, for his role in Somying’s suicide, however, in the process Boonterm falls in love with Somying’s twin brother. The film ends with Boonterm deciding to reject all sexuality and become a monk.[2]
I Am a Man (1987) (dir. Ml. Bandevanop Devakul)
I Am a Man (1987) is a Thai adaptation of the American play The Boys in the Band (1968) and was named one of the 100 essential Thai films by the National Film Archive of Thailand. The plot of the film is similar to that of the play from which it was adapted, in which the storyline revolves around a birthday party. Through the main character, Toey’s, birthday party, the film depicts varying representations of male queerness in the eight party guest who make up the films other principal characters.[2]
New wave of Thai Cinema
The new wave of Thai cinema, identified by film scholars Mary J. Ainsley and Katarzyna Ancuta, began following the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis which led to an increase in Thai nationalism and idealization of Thai history and culture. This period marked a turning point for Thai cinema in that films began to reflect new realities and global influences.[12] Beginning in 1997, the Thai film industry drastically increased in size, slowly becoming the largest film industry in the region. Director Nonzee Nimibutr's film Dang Bireley's and Young Gangsters released in 1997 is viewed by many film scholars as the first film in the new wave of Thai cinema.[12] In 2000, the underdog sports film about a volleyball team made up Kathoey and gay players, The Iron Ladies, was released. The Iron Ladies is considered the first queer film of the new wave of Thai cinema and also a turning point for queer cinema in Thailand. The Iron Ladies (2000) lead to new genres of film and more positive representations of queer and Kathoey individuals.[13] The 2006 Thai coup d'etat that led to the ousting of Prime MinisterThaksin Shinawatra was another factor in the increased representation of queer individuals in Thai film. The new Thai government, installed after the coup, was more open and liberal than the previous culturally conservative government that was known for censoring films that did not represent a proper Thai morality.[3]
Sub-genres
Teen dramas
The teen drama sub-genre, sometimes called melodramas, depict non-heterosexual relationships between teens and young adults. This sub-genre of Thai Queer Cinema has become popular since the commercial success of the first Thai queer teen drama, Love of Siam, in 2007.[6] Thai pop culture scholar, Amporn Jirattikorn, argues that the popularity of this film sub-genre with the heterosexual teen girl demographic has led to the production of many boys' love television dramas in Thailand.[14] Notable queer teen dramas include Love of Siam (2007) and Yes or No (2010).
Love of Siam (2007) (dir. Chookiat Sakveerakul)
Love of Siam (Thai: รักแห่งสยาม, RTGS: Rak Haeng Sayam) is a film released in 2007. The plot of Love of Siam revolves around the story of Mew (Witwisit Hiranyawongkul) and Tong (Mario Maurer) childhood friends who go on to have a romantic relationship.[1] Film scholar, Brett Farmer, uses the term "vernacular queerness" to discuss the relationships portrayed in the film; meaning, that while the film does not explicitly define the relationship between Mew and Tong as a gay relationship, it explores the possibilities of love outside of heterosexual relationships.[6]Love of Siam was one of the first Thai films to portray a romantic relationship between two teenage boys and one of the first on-screen same-sex kisses.[1] Film scholar, Brett Farmer, identified Love of Siam as one of the first examples of what he calls "independent commercial films," low budget films that have widespread commercial success and become top-grossing films at the box office.[6]
Sports Films
Sports films are films where sports, either individual or team, are central to the film's narrative. Many times sports films feature an underdog narrative, where a character or group of characters who are presented as unlikely to achieve success overcome an obstacle and by the end of the film become successful in their endeavor. Film scholars, Karl Schoonover and Rosalind Galt, argue that by placing queer characters in sports films queerness can become the source of the underdog narrative.[3] Sports films have become a popular sub-genre of Thai queer films through box-office record-breaking films including, The Iron Ladies (2000) and Beautiful Boxer (2004).[3]
The Iron Ladies (2000) (dir. Yongyoot Thongkongtoon)
The Iron Ladies (Thai: สตรีเหล็ก; RTGS: Satree Lek) is a film released in 2000 that is based on the true story of a Thai volleyball team making it to the national championships four years prior in 1996 and marked the beginning of a new era of queer film making in Thailand.[13] The film was the highest-grossing Thai film the year it was released and the second highest-grossing film in Thailand of all time.[13] The plot of the film follows an underdog volleyball team composed of kathoey and feminine queer men who make it to the Thai national volleyball championships in the face of discrimination with the help of their lesbian coach.[13] Film scholar, Serhat Unaldi, stated that The Iron Ladies (2000) is one of the first Thai films where kathoey and queer people are depicted positively and where community between queer people leads to character happiness and success.[11] The plot of The Iron Ladies (2000) stands in contrast to previous films portraying kathoey characters which centered loss and elicited sympathy from the audience.[11] Academic and film scholar, Brett Farmer, points to this film as a turning point for queer cinema in Thailand and as the beginning of the still very popular and commercial kathoey comedy genre of the Thai film industry.[13]
Art-house
Art-house films are films that are usually independently produced and not intended for a mass market. The art-house film sub-genre is the most internationally critically acclaimed of any Thai queer cinema film genre with many films from this genre, including Tropical Malady (2004) and Supernatural (2014) being featured in international film festivals.[10][1] Film scholar, Sophia Siddiqi, argues that some independent Thai filmmakers choose to make art-house films in order to include restricted explicit sexual content that is censored by the Thai government.[9] All Thai films must be submitted to the Film Censorship Board, which is a part of the Ministry of Culture, before being distributed to commercial movie theaters.[15]
Tropical Malady is a film released in 2004 and directed by Thai film director Apichatpong Weerasethakul.[3] The film Tropical Malady (2004) is split into two separate narratives: the first half of the film is grounded in reality and focuses on the intimate relationship between two men in Northern Thailand and the second half shifts into an allegorical fantasy featuring a tiger in a forest, that draws on Thai folklore.[3] Queer film scholars Karl Schoonover and Rosalind Galt, argue that through the shift from realism to fantasy just as the two male lead characters are about to kiss in front of a Thai flag, director Apichatpong Weerasethakul highlights the limitations of non-normative sexual desire in modern rural Northern Thailand.[3] Schoonover and Galt also argue that the film is a dipthyc, meaning that the film consists of two parallel narratives that are "hinged" together and lead the audience to create a "third space" where the two film narratives are compared against each other.[3] The film won the Jury Prize, or Prix du Jury, at the 2004 Cannes Film Festival.[8]
Supernatural is a film released in 2014 and is Thai film director, Thunska Pansittivorakul's, first full-length fiction film. The film Supernatural explores the parallels between the marginalization of Thai gay men and Burmese refugees in Thailand at the hands of the Thai nationalist state.[9]Supernatural, a science fiction film set in a dystopian future, was in some part inspired by George Orwell's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four according to an interview with Pansittivorakul.[9] Due to explicit scenes featuring queer eroticism the film was not distributed in mainstream movie theaters in Thailand, as explicit depictions of both heterosexual and same-sex sexual acts are censored by the Thai government. The film was instead released in the international film circuit.[9]
Key figures
Apichatpong Weerasethakul (born July 16, 1970)
Apichatpong Weerasethakul (อภิชาติพงศ์ วีระเศรษฐกุล; RTGS: Aphichatphong Wirasetthakun) is a Thai film director who was born in Bangkok, Thailand in 1970 and was raised in the rural northeastern province, Khon Kaen, Thailand.[16] He studied architecture at Khon Kaen University graduating with a B.A. in 1994 and then studied film making at the Art Institute of Chicago, receiving a master’s degree in 1997.[16] Weerasethakul began his career in directing experimental short films and documentary shorts. He founded his own production company in 1999, called Kick the Machine productions and began making full length films both documentary and fiction.[16] Weerasethakul’s films are commonly classified as independent art-house cinema and have garnered global critical acclaim through international film festival screenings and awards.[3] Weerasethakul, who is gay himself, is known to explore themes of sexuality, gender, religion, and politics through fantasy and allegory in his films.[3] While the majority of his films lack clear definitions of LGBT identity, queer desire is often central to Weerasethakul’s film narratives.[3] He is also known for drawing on his experiences growing up in rural Northern Thailand.[3] Some notable Apichatpong Weerasethakul films include:
Thunska Pansittivorakul (ธัญสกพันสิทธิวรกุล) is a Thai film director who was born in Bangkok, Thailand in 1973, and was raised near the Thailand-Malaysia border.[10] He studied art education at Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok before beginning his filmmaking career. Through his films, Pansittivorakul, who is openly gay, commonly explores discrimination and oppression of expressions of gender, sexuality, and religion deemed not acceptable by the Thai State.[9] He began his filmmaking career in documentary shorts with Private Life (2000) and founded his own production company called Sleep of Reason Films in 2012.[9] Notable Pansittivorakul films include:
Pansittivorakul’s first full length documentary Happy Berry (2004), won the grand prize at the 4th Taiwan International Documentary Film Festival in 2004.[9] Other notable and critically acclaimed full-length documentaries by Pansittivorakul include The Terrorist (2011) and This Area is Under Quarantine (2008).[9]This Area is Under Quarantine (2008) explores religious and military tensions between Buddhists and Muslims in the south of Thailand through depictions of explicit queer sexual intimacy between a young couple, a buddhist boy and a muslim boy.[17]
List of Thai films with queer content
Below is a list of Thai films that in some way represent non-normative gender and sexuality.[18]
^ abcdefghiFarmer, Brett (2018). "Chapter 8: Queer Cinema". In Ainsley, Mary J.; Ancuta, Katarzyna (eds.). Thai Cinema: The Complete Guide. Tauris Academic Texts. pp. 193–208.
^ abcdefghijklmnSchoonover, Karl; Galt, Rosalind (2016). "Chapter 4 - The Queer Popular: Genre and Perverse Economies of Scale". Queer Cinema in the World. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. pp. 167–210.
^Monruedee, Laphimon (2011). "Chapter 1 - Reuang Phet: Sexual Matters". In Boonmongkon, Pimpawun; Jackson, Peter A. (eds.). Thai Sex Talk: The Language of Sex and Sexuality in Thailand. Bangkok, Thailand: Mekong Press. p. 27.
^ abJackson, Peter A. (1997). "Kathoey >< Gay >< Man: The Historic Emergence of Gay Male Identity in Thailand". In Manderson, L.; Jolly, M. (eds.). Sites of Desire, Economies of Pleasure. pp. 166–190.
^ abcdefgFarmer, Brett (2011). "Loves of Siam: Contemporary Thai Cinema and Vernacular Queerness". In Jackson, Peter A. (ed.). Queer Bangkok: 21st Century Markets, Media, and Rights. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. pp. 81–98.
^ abRithdee, Kong (26 June 2006). "A pair of new Thai films touch on the subject of homosexuality". Bangkok Post. p. 23.
^ abcdefÜnaldi, Serhat (2011). "Back in the Spotlight: The Cinematic Representation of Kathoeys and Gay Men in Thailand". In Jackson, Peter A. (ed.). Queer Bangkok: 21st Century Markets, Media, and Rights. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. pp. 59–80.
^ abAinslie, Mary J.; Ancuta, Katarzyna (2018). "Introduction". Thai Cinema: The Complete Guide. London: Tauris Academic Studies.
^ abcdeFarmer, Brett (2018). "Chapter 8: Queer Cinema - The Iron Ladies". In Ainsley, Mary J.; Ancuta, Katarzyna (eds.). Thai Cinema: The Complete Guide. Tauris Academic Studies. pp. 193–208.
^Fuhrnmann, Arnika (2018). "Chapter 8 - Queer Cinema: This Area is Under Quarantine". In Ainsley, Mary J.; Ancuta, Katarzyna (eds.). Thai Cinema: The Complete Guide. Tauris Academic Studies. pp. 193–208.
