Temnin el-Foka

Temnin el-Foka
تمنين الفوقا
Temnine el-Faouqa, Lebanon, center of village
Temnine el-Faouqa, Lebanon, center of village
Temnin el-Foka is located in Lebanon
Temnin el-Foka
Temnin el-Foka
Location in Lebanon
Coordinates: 33°54′N 35°59′E / 33.900°N 35.983°E / 33.900; 35.983
Country Lebanon
GovernorateBaalbek-Hermel
DistrictBaalbek
Elevation
3,600 ft (1,100 m)
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)+3

Temnin el-Foka (Arabic: تمنين الفوقا) is a village located approximately 28 kilometers southwest of Baalbek in the Baalbek District, in the Beqaa valley of Lebanon, at an altitude of 1100 meters above sea level. The village is famous for its Roman nymphaeum[1] which is close to the spring of Ain el-Jobb.[2]

History

Temnin was settled since Roman times, but the original name is unknown. The town is divided into two municipalities, the other being Temnine Et Tahta.

Ottoman tax registers from 1533–1548 indicate the village had 64 households and 11 bachelors, and one Imam, all Muslims.

In 1838, Eli Smith noted Temnin el-Foka's (or "Temnin the upper") population as being predominantly Metawileh.[3]

The Roman nymphaeum

The nymphaeum is an arched watercourse built of large stones that has been constructed 4 metres (13 ft) deep into a hill. It leads to a cistern underground. A gully has formed at the outflow, where a boundary pillar is carved with the image of a goddess. It resembles a similar cippus at Kafr Zabad.[2]

The famous "Roman nymphaeum"

The inner walls consist of four layers of massive, roughly hewn cuboids up to the vault.[citation needed]

Only the vaulted arch and two rows of stones on the side walls were preserved before the restoration. The stone blocks of the side walls were piled up again, the pillars and capitals are largely new.

During the 2024 Israeli invasion of Lebanon, UNESCO gave enhanced protection to 34 cultural sites in Lebanon including the Spring of Ain el Jobb archaeological site to safeguard it from damage.[4][5]

Temnin el-Foka
History
CulturesRoman
Site notes
ConditionRuins
Public accessYes

See also

References

  1. ^ Brenda Longfellow (21 October 2010). Roman Imperialism and Civic Patronage: Form, Meaning and Ideology in Monumental Fountain Complexes. Cambridge University Press. pp. 118–. ISBN 978-0-521-19493-8. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
  2. ^ a b George Taylor (1967). The Roman temples of Lebanon: a pictorial guide. Dar el-Machreq Publishers. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
  3. ^ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, 2nd appendix, p. 144
  4. ^ "Cultural property under enhanced protection Lebanon". Archived from the original on 2024-12-31. Retrieved 2025-01-01.
  5. ^ "Lebanon: 34 cultural properties placed under enhanced protection". Archived from the original on 2024-12-27. Retrieved 2025-01-01.

Bibliography

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