Stone Age in Azerbaijan

Stone Age in Azerbaijan is divided into the Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic periods. It was studied in Karabakh, Gazakh, Lerik, Gobustan, and Nakhchivan. Stone materials belonging to the Stone Age were found by Mammadali Huseynov in the Shorsu gorge located near the village of Gyrag Kasaman in Qazakh region. According to his research, people have first settled in the territory of Azerbaijan 2 million years ago. The Stone Age era involved two different human species: Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens.[1][2][3][4][5]

Paleolithic

The Paleolithic period originated from the first human species’ habitation in this territory and lasted until the 12th millennium BCE. The Paleolithic is subdivided into 3 periods: The Lower Paleolithic, The Middle Paleolithic, The Upper Paleolithic periods.[1]

Lower Paleolithic

Lower jaw of Azykhantrop in Azerbaijan National History museum

The Lower Paleolithic period continued until 100 thousand years ago in Azerbaijan. The lifestyle of the people living in the Lower Paleolithic period in Azerbaijan was studied in the Guruchay valley, based on materials from the Azikh cave. In 1968, the lower jaw part of azykantrop was found in the acheulean age layer in Azokh cave. There were raw materials for preparing various tools in the Guruchay valley. Ancient people collected stones from Guruchay to prepare labour instruments (tools). Distinguished by its unique features of the techniques and typology of material-cultural samples, they were entitled as “Guruchay culture” at the end of the investigation conducted in Azikh cave in 1974. Guruchay culture had some common features with the Olduvay culture.[1][6][7][8]

Acheulean culture in Azerbaijan developed on the basis of Guruchay culture and is considered its second stage. The findings of the Acheulean culture were depicted in the territory of the Gazakh region in Azerbaijan. The discovery of animal residues shows that hunting dominated during the Acheulean period. Labor instruments were mainly made of quartz, flint, basalt, limestone, sometimes chalcedony and other types of stone.[1]

Middle Paleolithic

The Middle Paleolithic era began 100,000 years ago and ended 35 thousand years ago. This period is also called the Mousterian culture. The lifestyle of people and human settlements of this period have been studied in Karabakh (Tağlar, Azokh and Zar caves), Qazakh (Damjili cave) and Nakhchivan (Qazma cave). More than 2000 stone tools and thousands of animal bones belonging to the Mousterian culture were found here. Mousterian people spread to the southern slopes of the Lesser Caucasus, from the Mil lowland to Jeyrancol in a large area. The main instruments of this era were sharp-pointed tools. The main occupation of ancient people during this period was hunting and gathering.[1][9]

Part of a series on the
History of Azerbaijan
Prehistory
Stone Age  • Bronze Age  • Iron Age
Shulaveri–Shomu culturec.6000–c.4000 BC
Chalcolithic culture of Nakhchivanc.4945–c.3800 BC
Leyla-Tepe culturec.4350–c.4000 BC
Kura–Araxes culturec.3400–c.2000 BC
Nakhchivan culturec.3000–c.2000 BC
Talish–Mughan culturec.1400–c.700 BC
Khojaly–Gadabay culturec.1300–c.700 BC
Antiquity
Kingdom of Iškuzac.700 BC–c.590s BC
Achaemenid Empire550 BC–330 BC
      • Satrapy of Mediac.550 BC – 323 BC
Seleucid Empire312 BC – 63 BC
Parthian Empire247 BC – AD 224
Caucasian Albaniac.200 BC – c.AD 800
Roman Empire 27 BC – AD 395
Early Middle Ages
Sasanian Empire 224–651
      • Satrapy of Albaniac.252–636
Khazar Khaganatec.650–969
Rashidun Caliphate632–661
      • Islamic conquest633–654
      • Arranc.650–705
Umayyad Caliphate661–750
      • Arranc.650–705
      • Emirate of Arminiya 705–884
Abbasid Caliphate750–1258
      • Emirate of Arminiya705–884
Shirvanshahs861–1538
Sajids889–929
Shaddadids951–1199
Sallarid dynasty919–1062
High Middle Ages
Seljuk Empire 1037–1194
Khwarazmian Empire 1077–1231
Eldiguzids 1135–1225
Mongol Empire1206–1368
Ilkhanate 1256–1335
Chobanids 1335–1357
Timurid Empire 1370–1507
Qara Qoyunlu 1374–1468
Aq Qoyunlu 1378–1503
Early modern history
Safavid Iran 1501–1736
      • Safavid Shirvan 1501–1736
      • Safavid Karabakh 1501–1747
      • Chokhur-e Sa'd 1502–1736
Ottoman Empire 1299–1922
      • Shirvan Eyalet [az] 1578–1607
      • Ganja-Qarabagh Eyalet (I) [az] 1588–1606
      • Revan Eyalet (I) [az] 1583–1604
          • Nakhchivan Sanjak (I) [az] 1583–1604
      • Ganja-Qarabagh Eyalet (II) [az] 1725–1735
      • Revan Eyalet (II) [az] 1724–1736
          • Nakhchivan Sanjak (II) [az] 1724–1736
      • Tiflis Eyalet (II) [az] 1723–1735
          • Kazak Sanjak (II) [az] 1723–1735
Afsharid Iran 1736–1796
      • Division of Afsharid Empire 1747
Khanates of the Caucasus 1604–1844
      • Elisu Sultanate 1604–1844
      • Kazakh sultanate 1605–1801
      • Djaro-Belokani c.1600s–c.1800s
      • Shaki Khanate 1743–1819
      • Ganja Khanate 1747–1805
      • Talysh Khanate 1747–1828
      • Nakhichevan Khanate 1747–1828
      • Qutqashen Sultanate 1747–1841
      • Baku Khanate 1747–1806
      • Shamshadil sultanate 1747–1801
      • Quba Khanate 1747–1806
      • Karabakh Khanate 1748–1822
          • Treaty of Kurakchay 1805
      • Shirvan Khanate 1748–1820
Zand dynasty1751–1794
Qajar Iran1789–1925
      • Fourth Russo-Persian War 1804–1813
          • Treaty of Gulistan 1813
      • Fifth Russo-Persian War 1826–1828
          • Treaty of Turkmenchay 1828
Russian Empire 1721–1917
      • Second Russo-Persian War 1722–1723
      • Caucasus Viceroyalty 1801–1917
          • Baku Governorate 1846–1920
          • Erivan Governorate 1849–1917
          • Zakatal okrug 1859–1918
          • Elizavetpol Governorate 1867–1920
      • Special Transcaucasian Committee 1917
Modern history
Transcaucasian Commissariat 1917–1918
      • March Days 1918
Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic 1918
Baku Commune 1918
Centrocaspian Dictatorship 1918
Republic of Aras 1918–1919
Mughan Soviet Republic 1919
Azerbaijan Democratic Republic 1918 - 1920
      • Armenian–Azerbaijani War 1918–1920
          • Battle of Baku 1918
      • Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan 1920
Azerbaijan Socialist Soviet Republic 1920–1922
      • Treaty of Kars 1921
Soviet Union 1922–1991
      • Transcaucasian SFSR 1922–1936
          • Azerbaijan SSR 1922–1936
      • Azerbaijan SSR 1936–1991
          • World War II 1941–1945
          • Black January 1990
      • Republic of Azerbaijan 1991
Contemporary history
Republic of Azerbaijan 1991–present
      • I Nagorno-Karabakh War 1988–1994
          • Bishkek Protocol 1994
      • II Nagorno-Karabakh War 2020
          • Ceasefire Agreement 2020
Topics
Historical regions
flag Azerbaijan portal

Upper Palaeolithic

The Upper Paleolithic in Azerbaijan lasted from 40-35 thousand years ago to 12 thousand years ago. The Upper Paleolithic camps in Azerbaijan were represented by both caves and outdoor camps. Instruments of the Upper Palaeolithic period were found in Damjili, Zar, and Gobustan camps. During this period, the giant deer and the cave bear became extinct, and people started to hunt Caucasus gazelle, roe, deer, mountain goat and other animals. The extensive development of hunting caused a division of labour between men and women. Men were engaged in hunting, while women were controlling fire, sewing clothes, raising children, and managing the household.[1]

Mesolithic

Gobustan rock art
Microlithic tools from Damjili cave

Nearly, 12.000 years ago, the Upper Paleolithic period was replaced by the Mesolithic period (12.000-8.000 BC). The Mesolithic period in Azerbaijan was mainly studied on the basis of Gobustan (near Baku) and Damjili (Qazakh) caves. Stone tools of the Mesolithic period were found in the cave. Numerous animal bones were found in Mesolithic camps in Gobustan. Findings show that hunting had a major place in the life of the ancient people of Gobustan. They hunted wild horses, wild donkeys, oxen, deer, and other animals. The emergence of microlithic stones is typical for Mesolithic. Their size would be 1–2 cm. Mesolithic period findings from the Damjili cave consist of triangular spikes, big circular cutting tools and nuclei which are considered to be used for hunting. For the first time, the animals have begun to be tamed in this period. Studies conducted in Gobustan show fishery played an important role.[1][10][11]

Neolithic

Goytepe archaeological complex

According to the archaeological research, the Mesolithic period was replaced by the Neolithic period in the VII-VI millennium BC. Because of the agricultural revolution of Neolithic period, people started to spread over the areas that have favorable conditions for farming. Material and cultural examples of the Neolithic period of Azerbaijan were found in Damjili cave, Gobustan, Kultepe in Nakhchivan, Shomutepe, Toyretepe, Haci Elemxanli Tepe and other settlements.

The newly excavated settlement of Osmantəpə in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic seems to cast light on the intermediate stage between the Mesolithic and Neolithic era.[12] According to Bakhshaliyev, who excavated the settlement, the early Neolithic settlers of Nakhichivan tapped the local obsidian deposits from the Gegham and Zangezur Mountains in South Caucasus which, together with the local ceramic production, created conditions for indigenous development of obsidian production during Early Neolithic. In turn, these new cultural trends together with the obsidian use were later adopted by Iranian and Mesopotamian cultures to the south.[13]

Goytepe is a neolithic archaeological site in Azerbaijan affiliated with the Shulaveri-Shomu culture and is the largest settlement of the early period of Neolithic era in the South Caucasus. Ceramic, obsidian and basalt, pottery specimens, bone-based labour instruments, plant and animal remnants were found from the Neolithic cultural sequence of the cave. Samples of the Neolithic innovations – ceramics were found in Gobustan and Kultepe I in the area of Azerbaijan.[1][14][15][16][17][18][19]

Eneolithic

The Eneolithic or Chalcolithic period (c. 6th – 4th millennium BCE) was the period of transition from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age. Being laid around the Caucasus mountains which are rich in copper ores, there was a favorable condition for early formation and development of copper processing in the areas of Azerbaijan. Many Eneolithic settlements as in Shomutepe, Toyratepe, Jinnitepe, Kultepe, Alikomektepe and IIanlitepe have been discovered in Azerbaijan, and carbon-dated artefacts show that during this period, people built homes, made copper tools and arrowheads, and were familiar with no-irrigated agriculture.[20]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h BAXŞƏLİYEV, VƏLİ (2007). AZƏRBAYCAN ARXEOLOGİYASI (PDF). Bakı: Elm.
  2. ^ Azərbaycan Arxeologiyası-Daş Dövrü (PDF). Bakı: Şərq-Qərb. 2008.
  3. ^ Cəfərov, Əsədulla (1990). Quruçay Dərəsində (PDF). Bakı: Azərbaycan Dövlət Nəşriyyatı.
  4. ^ "UNESCO Sites In Azerbaijan". WorldAtlas. Retrieved 2019-07-25.
  5. ^ "Nakhchivan: Development of paleolithic and neolithic periods". Foreign Policy News. Archived from the original on 2019-07-25. Retrieved 2019-07-25.
  6. ^ "Visions of Azerbaijan Magazine ::: A History of Azerbaijan: from the Furthest Past to the Present Day". Visions of Azerbaijan Magazine. Retrieved 2019-07-25.
  7. ^ "Azerbaijan — History and Culture". www.iexplore.com. Retrieved 2019-07-25.
  8. ^ "Jawbones and Dragon Legends: Azerbaijan's Prehistoric Azikh Cave by Dr. Arif Mustafayev". azer.com. Retrieved 2019-07-25.
  9. ^ ГУСЕЙНОВ, МАМЕДАЛИ (2010). ДРЕВНИЙ ПАЛЕОЛИТ АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНА(по материалам пещерных стоянок). Баку: ТекНур. ISBN 978-9952-445-11-4.
  10. ^ bey Zardabli, Ismail (2018). ETHNIC AND POLITICAL HISTORY OF AZERBAIJAN: from ancient times to the present day. First Edition. ISBN 978-0244997823.
  11. ^ bey Zardabli, Ismail (2014). The History Of Azerbaijan: from ancient times to the present day (PDF). First Edition. ISBN 978-1291971316.
  12. ^ Veli Bakhshaliyev 2021, OSMAN TEPE IS A NEW MONUMENT OF THE STONE AGE. (Abstract in English) SCIENTIFIC WORKS OF AZERBAIJAN NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, NAKHCHIVAN BRANCH OFFICE. -- "... new finds identified at the Osman Tepe settlement attract attention, make it possible to supplement the gap existing in the study of the pre-ceramic Neolithic in the South Caucasus. ... A small number of ceramic products in our way testifies to the new beginning ceramic Neolithic. Therefore, settlements can be dated 9500-7000 BC."
  13. ^ Veli Bakhshaliyev 2021, OSMAN TEPE IS A NEW MONUMENT OF THE STONE AGE. (Abstract in English) SCIENTIFIC WORKS OF AZERBAIJAN NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, NAKHCHIVAN BRANCH OFFICE. p.68
  14. ^ Alakbarov, Valeh (2018). "Technological Development of the Neolithic Pottery at Göytepe (West Azerbaijan)". Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia. 46 (3): 22–31. doi:10.17746/1563-0110.2018.46.3.022-031.
  15. ^ Nishiaki; Kannari; Nagai; Maeda (2019). "Obsidian provenance analyses at Göytepe, Azerbaijan: Implications for understanding Neolithic socioeconomies in the southern Caucasus: Obsidian provenance analyses at Göytepe, Azerbaijan" (PDF). Archaeometry. doi:10.1111/arcm.12457. S2CID 135218278.
  16. ^ Guliyev, Farhad; Nishiaki, Yoshihiro (2012). "Excavations at the Neolithic settlement of Göytepe, the middle Kura Valley, Azerbaijan, 2008-2009". ResearchGate. 3: 71–84.
  17. ^ Nishiaki, Yoshihiro; Guliyev, Farhad; Kadowaki, Seiji (2015). "Chronological Contexts of the Earliest Pottery Neolithic in the South Caucasus: Radiocarbon Dates for Göytepe and Hacı Elamxanlı Tepe, Azerbaijan" (PDF). American Journal of Archaeology. 119 (3): 279–294. doi:10.3764/aja.119.3.0279. S2CID 192912124.
  18. ^ Nishiaki, Yoshihiro; Guliyev, Farhad; Kadowaki, Seiji (2015). "The origins of food production in the southern Caucasus: excavations at Hacı Elamxanlı Tepe, Azerbaijan". Antiquity. 89 (348).
  19. ^ Archaeological researches in Azerbaijan 2015-2016. Baku: Arxeologiya və Etnoqrafiya İnstitutu. 2017. ISBN 978-9952-473-05-6.
  20. ^ Sebbane, Michael (1989). "COPPER METALLURGY, TRADE AND THE URBANIZATION OF. SOUTHERN CANAAN IN THE CHALCOLITHIC AND EARLY BRONZE AGE 1". Academia.edu.

Read other articles:

Klasemen medali Olimpiade Musim Panas 1956

Klasemen medaliOlimpiade Musim Panas 1956LokasiMelbourne, AustraliaStockholm, SwediaIkhtisarPerolehan medali emas terbanyak Uni Soviet (37)Perolehan jumlah medali terbanyak Uni Soviet (98)← 1952 Klasemen medali1960 → Klasemen medali Olimpiade Musim Panas 1956 adalah klasemen medali selama pelaksanaan Olimpiade Musim Panas 1956. Olimpiade ini berlangsung di Melbourne, Australia sejak 22 November hingga 8 Desember 1956 dan di Stockholm, Swedia sejak 11 hingga 17 ...

 

List of Finnish Americans

The following is a list of Finnish Americans, including both original immigrants who obtained American citizenship and their American descendants. Lists of Americans By US state By ethnicity or nationality Afghan African Americans African-American Jews Albanian Algerian Amish Angolan Antiguan and Barbudan Arab Argentine Armenian Asian Assyrian Australian Austrian Azerbaijani Bahamian Baloch Bangladeshi Barbadian Belarusian Belgian Belizean Beninese Berber Bermudian Bissau-Guinean Bolivian Bo...

 

Your Cheatin' Heart (TV series)

BBC comedy TV show Your Cheatin' HeartGenreComedy dramaWritten byJohn ByrneDirected byMichael WhyteStarring Tilda Swinton John Gordon-Sinclair Country of originUnited KingdomOriginal languageEnglishNo. of episodes6ProductionProducerPeter BroughanRunning time50 minsProduction companyBBC ScotlandOriginal releaseRelease11 October (1990-10-11) –15 November 1990 (1990-11-15) Your Cheatin' Heart is a BBC Scotland six-part comedy drama serial, broadcast in 1990 and written by John B...

Antikristus

Untuk hal serupa yang dipercayai umat Muslim, lihat Dajjal. Antikristus tampil laksana seorang raja, gambar karya Herada dari Landsberg (sekitar tahun 1180), di dalam naskah Hortus deliciarum Iblis berbisik ke telinga Antikristus, detail lukisan Khotbah-Khotbah dan Amal Perbuatan Antikristus karya Luca Signorelli, tahun 1501, Katedral Orvieto Di dalam eskatologi Kristen, Antikristus adalah sebutan bagi orang-orang yang dinubuatkan Alkitab akan bangkit melawan Yesus Kristus dan mengaku-ngaku s...

 

Encyclopaedia Hebraica

Encyclopaedia Hebraica Encyclopaedia Hebraica (Ibrani: האנציקלופדיה העברית) adalah ensiklopedia komprehensif dalam bahasa Ibrani yang diterbitkan pada abad ke-20.[1][2] Ensiklopedia ini mulai diterbitkan tahun 1948. Tahun 1948 merupakan tahun ketika Israel diproklamasikan menjadi sebuah negara. Ensiklopedia ini diterbitkan oleh Bracha Peli. Referensi ^ [Biblical Figures Outside the Bible], Michael E. Stone, Theodore A. Bergren, 2003, accessed October 2009...

 

Usopp

This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: Usopp – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Fictional character UsoppOne Piece characterUsopp with the outfit he wears during the Dressrosa Arc.First appearanceOne Piece chapter 23: Captain Usopp Appears (Weekly Shōnen Jump No. 7, 199...

Sampi

Archaic letter of the Greek alphabet This article is about the letter. For other uses, see Sampi (disambiguation). Greek alphabet Αα Alpha Νν Nu Ββ Beta Ξξ Xi Γγ Gamma Οο Omicron Δδ Delta Ππ Pi Εε Epsilon Ρρ Rho Ζζ Zeta Σσς Sigma Ηη Eta Ττ Tau Θθ Theta Υυ Upsilon Ιι Iota Φφ Phi Κκ Kappa Χχ Chi Λλ Lambda Ψψ Psi Μμ Mu Ωω Omega History Archaic local variants ϜͰϺϘͲͶ tsandigamma Diacritics Ligatures Numerals ϛ (6)ϟ (90)ϡ (900) Use in other ...

 

Train (clothing)

The long back portion of a formal garment that trails behind the wearer Court dress with long train. Portugal, c.1845. In clothing, a train describes the long back portion of a robe, coat, cloak, skirt, overskirt, or dress that trails behind the wearer. It is a common part of ceremonial robes in academic dress, court dress or court uniform. It is also a common part of a woman's formal evening gowns or wedding dresses. Types of train Fashion Dress with a fishtail train, French, c. 1880. LACMAD...

 

Gastone Nencini

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Nencini. Cet article est une ébauche concernant un coureur cycliste italien. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?). Pour plus d’informations, voyez le projet cyclisme. Gastone NenciniGastone Nencini en 1960InformationsNaissance 1er mars 1930Barberino di MugelloDécès 1er février 1980 (à 49 ans)FlorenceNationalité italienneÉquipes professionnelles 10.1953-1954Legnano 1955-1958 Leo-Chlorodont 1959-1960 Carpano ...

大字 (数字)

この項目には、一部のコンピュータや閲覧ソフトで表示できない文字が含まれています（詳細）。 数字の大字（だいじ）は、漢数字の一種。通常用いる単純な字形の漢数字（小字）の代わりに同じ音の別の漢字を用いるものである。 概要 壱万円日本銀行券（「壱」が大字） 弐千円日本銀行券（「弐」が大字） 漢数字には「一」「二」「三」と続く小字と、「壱」「�...

 

Henry James

Henry James Jr.Henry James pada Galeri Potret Nasionaldi Washington, D.C., Amerika SerikatPekerjaanPenulisKebangsaanAmerika Serikat; memperoleh kewarganegaraan Britania Raya pada 1915AlmamaterSekolah Hukum HarvardKarya terkenalThe American The Turn of the ScrewThe Portrait of a LadyThe Wings of the DoveDaisy MillerThe AmbassadorsKerabatHenry James, Sr. (ayah), William James (saudara pria), Alice James (saudara wanita)Tanda tangan Henry James, OM (15 April 1843 – 28 F...

 

قائمة السيدات الأول للولايات المتحدة

السيدة الأولى للولايات المتحدة شاغل المنصب جيل بايدن منذ 20 يناير 2021 (3 سنواتٍ و3 أشهرٍ و27 يومًا) عن المنصب مقر الإقامة الرسمي البيت الأبيض تأسيس المنصب 30 أبريل 1789 أول حامل للمنصب مارثا واشنطن الموقع الرسمي السيدة الأولى تعديل مصدري - تعديل   السيدة الأولى للولايات المتحدة...

Allison J35

J35 An Allison J35 at Aalborg, Denmark Type Turbojet National origin United States Manufacturer General Electric Allison Engine Company First run 1946 Major applications North American FJ-1 Fury Northrop F-89 Scorpion Northrop YB-49 Republic F-84 Thunderjet Number built 14,000 Developed into Allison J71General Electric J47 A J35 with exhaust duct removed, exposing the power turbine. The General Electric/Allison J35 was the United States Air Force's first axial-flow (straight-through airflow)...

 

Dale Fuller (pemeran)

Dale FullerLahirMarie Dale Phillipps(1885-06-17)17 Juni 1885Santa Ana, California, Amerika SerikatMeninggal14 Oktober 1948(1948-10-14) (umur 63)Pomona, California, Amerika SerikatMakamForest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)Tahun aktif1915–1935 Dale Fuller (nama lahir Marie Dale Phillipps; 17 Juni 1885 – 14 Oktober 1948) adalah seorang aktris Amerika Serikat pada era film bisu.[1] Ia tampil dalam 67 film antara 1915 dan 1935. Referensi ^ Dale Fuller. New York ...

 

The Sealed Knot (reenactment)

Not to be confused with The Sealed Knot. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: The Sealed Knot reenactment – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Reenactment of an assault by Parliamentarian forces upon Caldicot Castle The Seal...

Novel American

Novel AmericanAsalFranklin, Tennessee, U.S.GenreRockTahun aktif2011 – sekarangAnggotaJosh FarroRyan ClarkZac FarroMantan anggotaVan BeasleyTyler Ward Novel American adalah band rock Amerika yang berasal dari Franklin, Tennessee, dibentuk tahun 2011. Band ini dibentuk oleh gitaris Josh Farro setelah menyatakan keluar dari Paramore[1] Band ini terdiri dari Farro bersaudara, Ryan Clark (bass, backing vokal) dahulu dari band Cecil Adora,[2] dan Zac Farro (drum, perkusi).[3&#...

 

منتخب الإمارات لكرة الطائرة للسيدات

هذه المقالة تحتاج للمزيد من الوصلات للمقالات الأخرى للمساعدة في ترابط مقالات الموسوعة. فضلًا ساعد في تحسين هذه المقالة بإضافة وصلات إلى المقالات المتعلقة بها الموجودة في النص الحالي. (أغسطس 2023) منتخب الإمارات لكرة الطائرة للسيدات مراتب تصنيف فيفب قالب:تصنيف فيفب للسيدات ق...

 

Cesare Lombroso

Disambiguazione – Lombroso rimanda qui. Se stai cercando altri significati, vedi Lombroso (disambigua). Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento medici è priva o carente di note e riferimenti bibliografici puntuali. Commento: Mancanza quasi totale di note in tutta la voce da oltre un decennio Sebbene vi siano una bibliografia e/o dei collegamenti esterni, manca la contestualizzazione delle fonti con note a piè di pagina o altri riferimenti precisi che indichino puntualmente la p...

Thomas Blondeau

Belgian writer, poet and journalist Blondeau (2013) Thomas Blondeau (June 21, 1978 in Poperinge – October 20, 2013 in Poperinge) was a Flemish writer, poet and journalist. He studied literature at the University of Leuven and the University of Leiden.[1] He wrote for newspapers including Mare, Deng, De Revisor, De Standaard and Dif .[2] Career After publishing poetry readings and short stories, he published his first novel, eX, which was well received in Belgium and the Neth...

 

貴格會

貴格會Religious Society of Friends宗派新教神學不一教體公理制教体區分Friends World Committee for Consultation（英语：Friends World Committee for Consultation）組織Friends United Meeting（英语：Friends United Meeting）, Evangelical Friends International（英语：Evangelical Friends International）, Central Yearly Meeting of Friends（英语：Central Yearly Meeting of Friends）, Conservative Friends（英语：Conservative Friends）, Friends General Confere...