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History
Spain
Name	Castilla
Namesake	Castile, an historical region of Spain
Ordered	1869
Builder	La Carraca shipyard, Cadiz, Spain
Laid down	May 1869
Launched	August 1881
Completed	1881 or 1882
Commissioned	1882
Fate	Sunk 1 May 1898
General characteristics
Class and type	Aragon-class unprotected cruiser
Displacement	3,289 tons
Length	236 ft 0 in (71.93 m)
Beam	44 ft 0 in (13.41 m)
Draft	23 ft 6 in (7.16 m) maximum
Installed power	1,400 ihp (1,000 kW)
Propulsion	1-shaft, 3-cylinder, horizontal compound
Sail plan	Barque-rigged
Speed	14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph)
Complement	392 officers and enlisted
Armament	As completed, included 8 x 8 in (203 mm) 180-pounder rifled muzzle-loading guns; By 1885:; 4 × 5.9 in (150 mm) guns; 2 × 4.7 in (119 mm) breech-loading guns; 2 × 87 mm guns; 4 × 75 mm guns; 10 × machine guns; 2 × 14 in (356 mm) torpedo tubes;
Notes	460 tons of coal (normal)

Castilla was an Aragon-class unprotected cruiser of the Spanish Navy that fought in the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish–American War. She was built at Cadiz, Spain. Her construction as an armored corvette with a central battery ironclad design began in 1869. In 1870, her design was changed to that of an unprotected cruiser or wooden corvette, and, after political events delayed her construction. During the first two years of the Philippine Revolution in 1896–1897, Castilla patrolled to intercept contraband destined for the Philippine insurgents and supported Spanish Army forces fighting ashore in Cavite Province on Luzon. When the Spanish–American War broke out in April 1898, Castilla was part of the squadron of Rear Admiral Patricio Montojo y Pasarón in Manila Bay and was subsequently engaged and sunk in the Battle of Manila Bay.

Technical characteristics

Castilla was built at Cadiz, Spain. Her construction as an armored corvette with a central battery ironclad design began in 1869, with plans to give her 890 tons of armor and 500 millimetres (19.7 in) of armor at the waterline. In 1870, her design was changed to that of an unprotected cruiser or wooden corvette, and, after political events delayed her construction,^[3] she finally was launched in this form in 1881^[4] and completed in 1882.^[5] Her original conception as an armored ship and the change to an unarmored one during construction left her with an overly heavy wooden hull that was obsolescent by the time of her launch.^[6]

She had two funnels and was rigged as a barque.^[6] Her machinery was manufactured at the naval shipyard at Ferrol.^[5] The original main battery of Armstrong-built 8-inch (203 mm) guns was obsolescent when she was completed, and were quickly replaced with more modern Krupp-built guns, with the 5.9-inch (150 mm) guns mounted in sponsons.^[6] Designed for colonial service, including intercepting contraband and pirates, she was never intended to fight a battle against heavily armed, armored, steel-hulled warships like she faced in the Battle of Manila Bay.^[5]

Operational history

Castilla was commissioned in 1882. She spent her early years in Spanish waters as a part of the Spanish Navy's Instructional Squadron, making several courtesy visits to Mediterranean ports.^[5]

On 7 March 1890, Capitán de navío (ship-of-the-line captain) Manuel de la Cámara took command of the Philippine Division, a naval force composed of Castilla and the unprotected cruisers Don Antonio de Ulloa and Don Juan de Austria designated to reinforce the Spanish Navy′s Asiatic Squadron in the Philippines.^[7]^[8] The division departed Cádiz^[8] on 9 April 1890.^[9] Transiting the Mediterranean Sea, Suez Canal, and Indian Ocean, the division encountered rough weather during its journey only in the Gulf of Lyons.^[8] It called at Barcelona, Port Said, Suez, Aden, and Colombo before arriving at Singapore on 2 June 1890.^[8] The three cruisers resumed their voyage the next day and arrived at Manila on 17 June 1890. The voyage marked the first time that Castilla had ever ventured beyond the waters of the Mediterranean.^[8] In the Philippines, the division became known as the "Black Squadron" because its ships were painted black instead of white, as other Asiatic Squadron ships were. Although a captain, Cámara commanded the division with the title of "commodore" of the division^[8] until December 1890, when illness forced him to relinquish command.^[7]

After Cámara′s departure, Castilla stayed on in the Philippines. During the first two years of the Philippine Revolution in 1896–1897, referred to by colonial Spaniards as the "Tagalog Revolt", Castilla patrolled to intercept contraband destined for the Philippine insurgents and supported Spanish Army forces fighting ashore in Cavite Province on Luzon.^[5]

When the Spanish–American War broke out in April 1898, Castilla was part of the squadron of Rear Admiral Patricio Montojo y Pasarón in Manila Bay. At 1100 hours on 25 April 1898, Castilla and five other ships of the squadron set out for Subic Bay, where Montojo hoped to take advantage of minefields and shore batteries in the likely event of an attack by U.S. Navy forces on his squadron. During the voyage, Castilla began to take on water through her propeller shaft housing. Her machinery and boilers had been in such poor shape that she was capable only of low speed already, and the only method of stopping the flooding—plugging the hole with concrete—immobilized her propeller shaft, leaving her to rely on sails or towing for propulsion. Montojo's flagship, the unprotected cruiser Reina Cristina, took her under tow.^[10]

Arriving at Subic Bay, Montojo found that few of the mines had been laid and the shore batteries had not yet been mounted. At 1030 hours on 29 April 1898, Montojo's ships departed Subic Bay to return to Manila Bay, where shore batteries could support Montojo's squadron and where the shallow water might reduce the loss of life if the Spanish ships were sunk; Castilla again was towed by Reina Cristina on this return voyage. The squadron anchored later that day in Cañacao Bay off Sangley Point, in the lee of the Cavite Peninsula, about 8 miles (13 km) southeast of Manila.^[11] Don Juan de Austria made a quick trip to Manila to procure small craft, such as lighters, small boats, and barges, to be tied up alongside Castilla to protect her wooden hull from hostile gunfire.^[12] Castilla also was sandbagged along the side exposed to enemy fire.^[5]

At 0400 hours on 1 May 1898, Montojo signaled the anchored squadron to prepare for imminent action. The U.S. Navy's Asiatic Squadron under Commodore George Dewey was sighted approaching the anchorage at 0445 hours. Castilla and the other Spanish ships opened fire at 0520 hours, beginning the Battle of Manila Bay, the first major action of the Spanish–American War.^[13]

Dewey's squadron made a series of slow firing passes at the Spanish squadron.^[14] Still unable to get underway, Castilla had to fight it out at anchor. She had not been repainted, and still sported her peacetime white sides and yellow funnels, making her an easy and attractive target for American gunners. At 0630 hours, Castilla had one 5.9-inch (150 mm) and one 4.7-inch (119 mm) gun disabled by an American shell hit, which also killed several of her crew. American shellfire cut her anchor cables, and she drifted to expose her unprotected side to Dewey's squadron. Three 8-inch (203 mm) hits started a large fire, which by 0715 had begun to destroy her deck, and she was ordered abandoned at 0830;^[15] Don Juan de Austria rendered assistance to Castilla under enemy fire.^[12]

Hit by five 8-inch and 6-inch (152 mm), twelve 5-inch (127 mm), and about 33 smaller shells, Castilla soon sank, a total loss, having suffered 23 to 25 men killed and 80 wounded during the battle.^[5]

Trophy cannon

In 1902, one of the breech-loading guns from Castilla was presented by Oscar F. Williams, U.S. Consul at Manila, to the city of Rochester, New York. It is currently located in Highland Park in Rochester. The Vermont State House features a pair of the same cannon, with an almost identical plaque, as decoration on the front lawn. The only difference in the plaque is the parts pertaining to the locality the gun was presented to.

Breech-loading trophy cannon from Castilla.
Close-up of the trophy cannon's plaque.

Notes

^ Castilla at the Spanish–American War Centennial website claims an 1879 launch, but Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905, p. 383, claims 1881 and Spanish Wooden Cruisers at the Spanish–American War Centennial website specifies August 1881
^ Castilla at the Spanish–American War Centennial website claims completion in 1881, while Spanish Wooden Cruisers at the Spanish–American War Centennial website claims completion in 1882.
^ Castilla, the Spanish–American War Centennial website, and Spanish Wooden Cruisers, the Spanish–American War Centennial website
^ Castilla at the Spanish–American War Centennial website claims the launch year was 1879, but Spanish Wooden Cruisers at the Spanish–American War Centennial website and Conway's All the World's Fighting Ship 1860–1905, p. 383, set the year as 1881
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Castilla the Spanish–American War Centennial website
^ ^a ^b ^c Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905, p. 383
^ ^a ^b Real Academia de la Historia: Manuel de la Cámara y Livermoore (in Spanish) Retrieved 8 May 2020
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Anonymous, "Three Spanish War Vessels at Singapore," Straits Times, 3 June 1890 Retrieved 7 May 2020
^ The Encyclopedia Americana, New York: The Americana Corporation, 1925, p. 243 Retrieved 6 May 2020
^ Nofi, pp. 69–70; Castilla, the Spanish–American War Centennial website
^ Nofi, pp. 17, 70
^ ^a ^b Don Juan de Austria, the Spanish–American War Centennial website
^ Nofi, p. 20
^ Nofi, pp. 20–23
^ For details of Castilla's experience in the Battle of Manila Bay, see Castilla at the Spanish–American War Centennial website

References

Chesneau, Roger, and Eugene M. Kolesnik, eds. Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. New York: Mayflower Books Inc., 1979. ISBN 0-8317-0302-4.
Nofi, Albert A. The Spanish–American War, 1898. Conshohocken, Pennsylvania: Combined Books, 1996. ISBN 0-938289-57-8.