Smooth jazz
George Benson in Montreux 1986
Stylistic origins	Jazz fusion funk rock pop rhythm and blues soul
Cultural origins	1970s, United States
Fusion genres
Crossover jazz
Other topics
List of musicians

Smooth jazz is a commercially oriented sub-genre style of jazz music by R&B, funk, rock and pop music styles (separately, or in any combination).

Beginning in the early-1970s, jazz fusion (aka “fusion”) was a movement by some jazz musicians to merge the instrumental virtuosity and improvisation of traditional jazz, with a modern, electronic sensibility. The instrument that has become the most widely-associated with the genre is the saxophone inspired by players like: Grover Washington Jr., Ronnie Laws, Wayne Shorter and Nathan Davis; plus a gentle, legato electric guitar (influenced by players like Wes Montgomery and Grant Green). Jazz fusion ensembles such as Weather Report, Spyro Gyra, Hiroshima and Bob James’ Fourplay were vital to the development of the genre.

Modern derivatives of the genre includes the more recent New Adult Contemporary format broadcast radio. “Smooth jazz” has been successful as a radio format; however in 2007, the popularity of the format began to decline. Consequently, it was abandoned by several high-profile radio stations across the U.S.A., perhaps notably in New York and San Francisco. Many industry insiders have speculated that the smooth jazz format may die out, particularly with many of industry giant Clear Channel Communications’ stations dropping the genre. Critics of the company, however, blame Clear Channel for the format’s decline, citing too much repetition of a sharply-reduced number of tracks on Clear Channel-owned stations that alienated many listeners. Despite the format’s demise on commercial radio, a growing number of non-commercial stations have taken up the music. In addition, smooth jazz concerts, recording sales – as well as increased smooth jazz offerings on the Internet – continue to show strong fan support for the genre.

In general, a smooth jazz track is downtempo (the most widely played track are in the 90-105 BPM range), layering a lead, melody-playing instrument (saxophones – especially soprano and tenor – are the most popular with guitars a close second) over a backdrop that typically consists of programmed rhythms and various pads and/or samples.

Smooth jazz groups or recording artists tend to play their instruments in a melodic fashion that they are recognizable within just a few measures; this category includes names such as saxophonists Kenny G, Najee, the late David Sanborn, George Howard and Art Porter Jr.; guitarists George Benson, Earl Klugh, Marc Antonie, Peter White, Jonathan Butler, Ray Parker Jr., Norman Brown, Ronny Jordan, and Yves Vincent; keyboardist/pianists Joe Sample, David Benoit, and Bradley Joseph. Some performers, such as Dave Koz, Bob James, and Nathan East are notable for their numerous collaborations with many of the genre’s big names. Groups include Fourplay, Pieces of a Dream, Acoustic Alchemy, Airborne and the Rippingtons. Female performers includes Keiko Matsui, Joyce Cooling, Mindi Abair, Candy Dulfer, Sade, Brenda Russell, Pamela Williams, Regina Belle and Anita Baker.

Smooth jazz may be thought of as commercially-oriented, crossover jazz which came to prominence in the 1980s, displacing the more venturesome jazz fusion from which it emerged. It avoids the improvisational "risk-taking" of jazz fusion, emphasizing melodic form, and much of the music was initially "a combination of jazz with easy-listening pop music and lightweight R&B."^[1][2]

During the mid-1970s in the United States, it was known as "smooth radio"; the genre was not termed "smooth jazz" until the 1980s.^[3]

The term itself seems to have been birthed directly out of radio marketing efforts. In an industry focus group in the late 1980s, one participant coined the phrase "smooth jazz" – and it stuck.^[4][5]

The popularity of smooth jazz as a radio format grew in the '80s and '90s, but gradually declined in the early 2000s. By 2009, many stations including in NYC, Washington, DC, and Boston had switched away from the format.^[6]

Smooth jazz was arguably pioneered in the early 1970s, with notable songs and artists including: "Grazing in the Grass" (1968), by trumpeter Hugh Masekela, "Nautilus" (1974) by keyboardist Bob James, and "Mister Magic" (1975) by saxophonist Grover Washington, Jr.

Other early popular releases include guitarist George Benson's 1976 cover/version of "Breezin'" and flugelhorn player Chuck Mangione's "Feels So Good" in 1977. Others are "What You Won't Do for Love" by Bobby Caldwell in 1978, jazz fusion group Spyro Gyra's 1979 instrumental song "Morning Dance"^[3] and the 1981 collaboration between Grover Washington Jr. and Bill Withers on "Just the Two of Us".

Smooth jazz grew in popularity in the 1980s and 1990s as Anita Baker, Sade, Al Jarreau, Grover Washington Jr. and Kenny G released multiple hit songs.^[7]

The smooth jazz genre experienced a backlash exemplified by critical complaints about the "bland" sound of top-selling saxophonist Kenny G, whose popularity peaked with his 1992 album Breathless.^[3]

Music reviewer George Graham argues that the "so-called 'smooth jazz' sound of people like Kenny G has none of the fire and creativity^[8] that marked the best of the fusion scene during its heyday in the 1970s".^[9]

Digby Fairweather, before the start of UK jazz station theJazz, denounced the change to a smooth jazz format on defunct radio station 102.2 Jazz FM; he stated that the owners GMG Radio were responsible for the "attempted rape and (fortunately abortive) re-definition of the music — is one that no true jazz lover within the boundaries of the M25 will ever find it possible to forget or forgive."^[10]

• Rhythm and blues
• Lofi hip hop
• Neo-soul
• Mallsoft
• Quiet storm
• Sophisti-pop
• Yacht rock
• Smooth jazz radio

• Quotations related to Smooth jazz at Wikiquote
• Media related to Jazz at Wikimedia Commons