The Sky Tower is a telecommunications and observation tower in Auckland, New Zealand. Located at the corner of Victoria and Federal Streets within the city's CBD, it is 328 metres (1,076 ft) tall, as measured from ground level to the top of the mast,[4] making it the second tallest freestanding structure in the Southern Hemisphere, surpassed only by the Autograph Tower in Jakarta, Indonesia,[5] and the 28th tallest tower in the world. Since its completion in 1997, the Sky Tower has become an iconic landmark in Auckland's skyline, due to its height and design. It was the tallest freestanding structure in the Southern Hemisphere from 1996 to 2022.
The tower is part of the SkyCity Auckland casino complex, originally built in 1994–1997 for Harrah's Entertainment.[3] Several upper levels are accessible to the public, attracting an average of 1,150 visitors per day (over 415,000 per year).[6]
The Sky Tower has several upper levels that are accessible to the public:[7]
The upper portion of the tower contains two restaurants and a cafe; including New Zealand's only revolving restaurant, located 190 m (620 ft) from the ground, which turns 360 degrees every hour.[8] There is also a brasserie-style buffet located one floor above the main observatory level. It has three observation decks at different heights, each providing 360-degree views of the city. The main observation level at 186 m (610 ft) has 38 mm (1.5 in) thick glass sections of flooring giving a view straight to the ground.[9] The top observation deck labelled "Skydeck" sits just below the main antenna at 220 m (720 ft) and gives views of up to 82 km (51 mi) in the distance.[10]
The tower also features the "SkyJump", a 192-metre (630 ft)[11] jump from the observation deck, during which a jumper can reach up to 85 km/h (53 mph). The jump is guide-cable-controlled to prevent jumpers from colliding with the tower in case of wind gusts.[12] Climbs into the antenna mast portion (300 m or 980 ft heights) are also possible for tour groups,[11] as is a walk around the exterior.[13]
The tower was constructed as a part of the Skycity casino precinct. The Skycity Entertainment Group's initial brief for the project were that they required a tower that was both a high-quality tourist attraction, and a marketable telecommunications facility.[14] Fletcher Construction was the contracted builder for the project while engineering firm Beca Group provided the design management and coordination, structural, geotechnical, civil, mechanical, electrical, plumbing, lighting and fire engineering services. Harrison Grierson provided surveying services.[15] It was designed by Gordon Moller of Craig Craig Moller Architects[2] and has received a New Zealand Institute of Architects National Award as well as regional awards.[16][17][18] The project architect was Les Dykstra.[19] Taking two years and nine months to construct,[20] the tower was opened on 3 August 1997.[21]
The tower is constructed of high-performance reinforced concrete.[14] Its 12-metre (39 ft) diameter shaft (containing four lifts and an emergency stairwell) is supported on eight "legs" based on 16 foundation piles drilled over 15 m (49 ft) deep into the local sandstone.[17][18] The main shaft was built using climbing formwork.[18]
The upper levels were constructed from composite materials, structural steel, precast concrete and reinforced concrete,[18] and the observation decks clad in aluminium with blue/green reflective glass. A structural steel framework supports the upper mast structure. During construction 15,000 cubic metres (20,000 cu yd) of concrete, 2,000 tonnes (2,200 short tons) of reinforcing steel, and 660 tonnes (730 short tons) of structural steel were used. The mast weighs over 170 tonnes (190 short tons).[18][22] It had to be lifted into place using a crane attached to the structure, as it would have been too heavy for a helicopter to lift. To then remove the crane, another crane had to be constructed attached to the upper part of the Sky Tower structure, which dismantled the big crane, and was in turn dismantled into pieces small enough to fit into the elevator.[18]
The tower is designed to withstand wind in excess of 200 km/h (120 mph) and designed to sway up to 1 metre (39 in) in excessively high winds. As a safety precaution the Sky Tower's lifts have special technology installed to detect movement (such as swaying due to high wind) and will automatically slow down. If the building sway exceeds predetermined safety levels the lifts will return to the ground floor and remain there until the high winds and building sway have abated.[23]
The Sky Tower is built to withstand an 8.0 magnitude earthquake located within a 20-kilometre (12 mi) radius.[24] There are three fireproof rooms on levels 44, 45, and 46 to provide refuge in the event of an emergency, while the central service lift shaft and stairwells are also fire-safety rated.
The tower is also used for telecommunications and broadcasting with the Auckland Peering Exchange (APE) being located on Level 48.[25] The aerial at the top of the tower hosts the largest FM combiner in the world[9] which combines with 58 wireless microwave links located above the top restaurant to provide a number of services. These include television, wireless internet, RT, and weather measurement services.[9]
The tower is Auckland's primary FM radio transmitter, and is one of four infill terrestrial television transmitters in Auckland, serving areas not covered by the main transmitter at Waiatarua in the Waitākere Ranges. A total of twenty-three FM radio stations and six digital terrestrial television multiplexes broadcast from the tower.[26][27] Two VHF analogue television channels broadcasting from the tower were switched off in the early hours of 1 December 2013 as part of New Zealand's digital television transition.[28]
H = Horizontal V = Vertical
The following table contains television and radio frequencies currently operating from the Sky Tower:
SkyCity Auckland lights the Sky Tower to show support for a range of organisations and charities. SkyCity has a lighting policy and the public is invited to suggest additional occasions in line with this policy.[29] Common lighting events include:[30]
The tower is lit up for special occasions. Examples include New Zealand's 2021 vaccination campaign, with the tower illuminated in blue and white when 80% and 90% vaccination rates were achieved.[33] The tower was blue and yellow in early March 2022 in solidarity with Ukraine over the 2022 Russian invasion. After SkyCity initially refused requests from members of the public to lend support, Phil Goff as mayor of Auckland intervened and the Sky Tower was one of three Auckland landmarks that was lit up for three days (the others were the Auckland Harbour Bridge and Auckland War Memorial Museum).[34] The tower went blue to honour the death of Constable Matthew Hunt.[35] Also in March 2022, the tower was red celebrating the Auckland Arts Festival.[36]
The top half of the Sky Tower is lit by energy efficient LED lighting which replaced the original metal halide floodlights in May 2009. The LEDs can produce millions of different colour combinations controlled by a DMX lighting controller. The original lights used 66 per cent more energy than the current LED system. The bottom half remained lit by metal halide lamps, until they too were upgraded to LED lighting in 2019.[37]
In an effort to promote power saving, SkyCity turned off the tower lighting in Winter 2008, retaining only the flashing red aviation lights. SkyCity is also minimising façade flood lighting across its complex. Simon Jamieson, general manager SkyCity Auckland Hotels Group, said: "Like every New Zealander, we are concerned about the country's electricity supply, and we believe it is our responsibility to make this move to assist with the power saving request."[38] The tower was reilluminated on 4 August in support of New Zealand athletes competing at the Beijing Olympics.[39]
The Sky Tower is used in support of special charity events. The Leukemia and Blood Foundation of New Zealand organises annual fundraising stair climb challenges, notably the "Firefighters Sky Tower Stair Challenge" which sees firefighters from around New Zealand race up 1,108 steps (out of 1,267 total steps).[40] Climbing the Sky Tower stairs has been described as a "vertical marathon".[41]
The Sky Tower is also the venue of the annual "Tower de Force" competition. It includes a climb up 1,226 steps (out of 1,267 total steps), and various other military skills tests that change yearly.[42] Participants include the RNZAF, RNZN, New Zealand Army, New Zealand Defence Force veterans, New Zealand Police and, more recently, units from the New Zealand Cadet Forces. The competition is used to raise funds for numerous charities, including in 2019 Mike King's The Key to Life Charitable Trust.[43]
広島県立広島国泰寺高等学校 北緯34度23分13.4秒 東経132度27分29.2秒 / 北緯34.387056度 東経132.458111度 / 34.387056; 132.458111座標: 北緯34度23分13.4秒 東経132度27分29.2秒 / 北緯34.387056度 東経132.458111度 / 34.387056; 132.458111過去の名称 広島外国語学校広島英語学校広島県中学校広島県広島中学校広島県広島尋常中学校広島県第一尋常中学校広島県第一中学…
العلاقات الأندورية البوروندية أندورا بوروندي أندورا بوروندي تعديل مصدري - تعديل العلاقات الأندورية البوروندية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين أندورا وبوروندي.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين: وجه المقا…
Lovely RivalsPoster teatrikalNama lainHangul여선생 VS 여제자 Hanja女先生 VS 女弟子 Alih Aksara yang DisempurnakanYeoseonsaeng vs YeojejaMcCune–ReischauerYŏsŏnsaeng vs Yŏjeja Sutradara Jang Kyu-sung Produser Kim Mi-hee Ditulis oleh Lee Won-jae Jang Kyu-sung PemeranYum Jung-ahLee Se-youngLee Ji-hoonPenata musikJo Yeong-wookSinematograferLee Du-manPenyuntingKo Im-pyoPerusahaanproduksiFNHDistributorCJ EntertainmentStudioCanal(France)Tanggal rilis 17 November 2004 (2…
贝弗豪茨费尔德戰役百年戰爭根特叛亂的一部分贝弗豪茨费尔德戰役,出自让·弗鲁瓦萨尔著《大事記》。日期1382年5月3日地点比利時,布魯日與根特之間结果 根特叛軍勝利参战方 佛兰德伯国 根特叛軍指挥官与领导者 佛蘭德伯爵路易二世 菲利普·范阿特费尔德(英语:Philip van Artevelde)兵力 遠超根特叛軍 4,000人─8,000人,外加大量火炮。 贝弗豪茨费尔德戰役(英語:Battle of B…
Juan Echecopar Echecopar con la camiseta de EstudiantesDatos personalesNombre completo Juan Miguel Echecopar Di SantoNacimiento Pergamino, Buenos Aires, Argentina16 de octubre de 1946Nacionalidad(es) ArgentinaFallecimiento Pergamino (Argentina)29 de marzo de 2012(65 años)Altura 1.80 metrosCarrera deportivaDeporte FútbolClub profesionalDebut deportivo 1966(Estudiantes de La Plata)Posición DelanteroGoles en clubes 39Retirada deportiva 1975(Real Murcia) &…
Sam Huff Sam Huff, 1955 Position:Linebacker Trikotnummer:70 geboren am 4. Oktober 1934 in Edna Gas, West Virginia gestorben am 13. November 2021 in Winchester, Virginia Karriereinformationen NFL Draft: 1956 / Runde: 3 / Pick: 30 College: West Virginia University Teams: New York Giants (1956–1963) Washington Redskins (1964–1969) Karrierestatistiken Spiele 168 Touchdowns 5 Interceptions 30 Statistiken bei NFL.com Sta…
American online dictionary and encyclopedia that gathers information from a variety of sources The free dictionary redirects here. For the Wikimedia project using the slogan The free dictionary, see Wiktionary. The Free DictionaryScreenshot Type of siteOnline dictionary, encyclopediaAvailable inEnglish, Spanish, German, French, Italian, Chinese, Portuguese, Dutch, Norwegian, Greek, Arabic, Polish, Turkish, Russian[1]OwnerFarlex, Inc.[2]URLwww.thefreedictionary.comRegistratio…
Tomb under construction near Acre, Israel This article reads like a press release or a news article and may be largely based on routine coverage. Please help improve this article and add independent sources. (April 2022) The Shrine of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá is the location in Israel wherein the remains of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, one of the central figures of the Baháʼí Faith, will be interred. Since his death in 1921, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's remains have been located beneath one of the rooms of the Shrine of the B
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) The article's lead section may need to be rewritten. Please help improve the lead and read the lead layout guide. (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all impo…
Герб Білгородки Версії Герб за стандартом УГТДеталіНосій Білогородка Герб Білгородки — офіційний геральдичний символ села в передмісті Києва Білгородки. Опис Герб є пурпуровим щитом з лазуровою хвилястою базою, перетятою нитяними золотими хвилястими балками. На цьо
Football clubDungannon SwiftsFull nameDungannon Swifts Football ClubNickname(s)The SwiftsFounded1949; 74 years ago (1949)GroundStangmore ParkCapacity1,500PresidentDavid FlackChairmanKeith BoydManagerRodney McAreeLeagueNIFL Premiership2022–23NIFL Premiership, 11thWebsiteClub website Home colours Away colours Current season Dungannon Swifts Football Club is a Northern Irish, semi-professional football club playing in the Irish League Premiership. The club, founded in 1949, has …
Kain serong ekstra lebar dan ganda yang sedang dijahit sebagai bahan pelipit pada jahitan tindas dekoratif Satu contoh bisban lipat tunggal Kain serong atau bisban (diserap dari bahasa Belanda; biaisband) adalah potongan kain sempit, biasanya tenunan polos, dipotong pada serat kain. Karena tenunan kain berada pada sudut 45 derajat, strip kain yang dihasilkan lebih elastis daripada potongan strip pada seratnya. Strip juga memiliki tenunan yang lebih baik, dan menyesuaikan lekukan lebih baik darip…
Bambang SoegengKepala Staf TNI Angkatan Darat ke-3Masa jabatan22 Desember 1952 – 8 Mei 1955PresidenSoekarnoPendahuluAbdul Haris NasutionPenggantiZulkifli Lubis Informasi pribadiLahir(1913-10-31)31 Oktober 1913Tegalrejo, Magelang, Jawa TengahMeninggal22 Juni 1977(1977-06-22) (umur 63)JakartaSuami/istri{Ny. Sukemi (1936—1946)Ny. IstiyahAnak6ProfesiTentaraKarier militerPihak Kekaisaran Jepang (1943—1945) Indonesia (1945—1955)Dinas/cabang TNI Angkatan DaratMasa…
العلاقات العراقية البولندية العراق بولندا العراق بولندا تعديل مصدري - تعديل العلاقات العراقية البولندية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين العراق وبولندا.[1][2][3][4][5] يوجد للعراق سفارة في بولندا ويوجد لبولندا سفارة في العراق التاريخ 1940 ف…
Nota: Para o escritor e jornalista açoriano, veja João Dias Afonso. Para o escultor português do século XV, veja João Afonso (escultor). Esta biografia de uma pessoa viva cita fontes, mas que não cobrem todo o conteúdo. Ajude a inserir fontes confiáveis e independentes. Material controverso que esteja sem fontes deve ser imediatamente removido, especialmente se for de natureza difamatória.—Encontre fontes: ABW • CAPES • Google (N •…
مهرجان كان السينمائي 2016 البلد فرنسا المكان كان، فرنسا الموقع الرسمي الموقع الرسمي تعديل مصدري - تعديل مهرجان كان السينمائي لعام 2016 هو الدورة الـ69 للمهرجان عقد في 11 إلى 22 مايو من عام 2016،[1] حصل فيلم «دانيل بلاك» للمخرج البريطاني كين لوتش على السعفة الذهبية.[2]…
Isocitric acid Names IUPAC name 1-Hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid Identifiers CAS Number 320-77-4 Y 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image ChEBI CHEBI:30887 Y ChEMBL ChEMBL539669 Y ChemSpider 1161 Y DrugBank DB01727 N° ECHA InfoCard 100.005.713 KEGG C00311 Y MeSH Isocitrate PubChem CID 1198 UNII 9RW6G5D4MQ Y CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID60861871 InChI InChI=1S/C6H8O7/c7-3(8)1-2(5(10)11)4(9)6(12)13/h2,4,9H,1H2,(H,7,8)(H,10,11)(H,12,13) YKey: ODBL…
1976 studio album by Jimmy McGriffThe Mean MachineStudio album by Jimmy McGriffReleased1976Recorded1976StudioNew York City, NYGenreJazzLength34:09LabelGroove MerchantGM 3311ProducerSonny LesterJimmy McGriff chronology Stump Juice(1975) The Mean Machine(1976) Red Beans(1976) The Mean Machine is an album by American jazz organist Jimmy McGriff recorded in 1976 and released on the Groove Merchant label.[1][2][3] Reception Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRating…
For military units with a similar name, see 198th Division. 198th Infantry Division198. Infanterie-DivisionActiveDecember 1939–May 1945Country Nazi GermanyBranchArmyTypeInfantrySizeDivisionEngagementsGerman invasion of DenmarkBattle of GreeceGerman-Soviet WarOperation BarbarossaBattle of Rostov (1941)Case BlueBattle of Rostov (1942)Winter campaign of 1941–42Belgorod-Kharkov Offensive OperationBattle of the Korsun–Cherkassy PocketWestern FrontOperation NordwindColmar PocketMilitary uni…
لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع غوردون بينيت (توضيح). هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (أبريل 2019) غوردون بينيت معلومات شخصية الميلاد 21 أكتوبر 1946 (77 سنة) دنفر مواطنة الولايات المتحدة مناصب أسقف مساعد …
Lokasi Pengunjung: 3.141.32.177